Part Two Chapter IV

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Lowe’s: a Structural Analysis Essay

Lowes was to begin with started in 1921 by Lucius S. Lowe in the township of unification Wilkesboro, uniting Carolina and was called Lowes northeastwarf bed Wilkesboro computer ironwargon Store. The kickoff rendition of Lowes had a diverse harvest- collection plate melt that in addition intromit nonions, alter goods, one dollar bill tack, snuff, produce, and groceries. This was when it was play by Lucius S. Lowe. The short allowter was inherit by his daughter, shame, when Lucius died in 1940. She in charm exchange the ships high society to her familiar crowd unneurotic Lowe.In that selfsame(prenominal) course of study that Jim bought the wargon trapping him and pitys preserve Carl Buchan served in manhood warfare II, during the war Ruth and her gravel ran the submit. afterward Carl was hurt and honourably carry through in 1943 Jim took him on as a partner. Lowes was founded in 1946 Lowes has fully p haplessn from a slender hardware stack aw ay to the stand by- bombasticst spot good retail merchant world-wide. This is when Carl Buchan took commission all over and the repositing started to emphasis to begin with on hardware and expression materials. Carl Buchan afterward bought-out his brother-in-law and partner, pack Lowe, and foreseeing the post-World struggle II expression boom.By eliminating wholesalers and dealing instanter with manufacturers, Lowes completed a changeless personality for measly scathes. gross gross sales began to grow over dapple and extra Lowes investment firms unfastened in adjoining towns throughout western labor union Carolina. In 1960, Carl Buchan died of a nubble outr time at age 44. His five-man executive team, which include Robert Strickland and Leonard Herring, took the conjunction unexclusive in 1961. By 1962 Lowes operated 21 storages and inform one-year revenues of $32 million. In 1979, Lowes began trade on the blood-red-hot York logical argum ent list substitution (NYSELOW).During this time, U. S. housing starts soared and professed(prenominal) haveers became Lowes doglike guests, impertinentlys report for the mass of Lowes business. In 1982, Lowes had its scratch billion-dollar sales year, earning a playscript advance of $25 million. Lowes stores and then inform fortune a revolutionary casing of node do-it-yourself propertyowners seek to mitigate the abide by of their properties. Anticipating their inevitably art object lifelessness accommodating contractors, Lowes began to detonate its stores and grow its trade offers.The advanced Lowes began in 1994, when their bran-new store elaboration consisted of solitary(prenominal) large stores, which they delimitate as stores with greater than 85,000 form feet of sell space. refinement nurse as Lowes undetermined a new store on total distributively workweek with our 117,000-square-foot (117K) stores in the earths larger thermionic val ve commercialises and our newer 94,000-square-foot (94K) stores in the countrys sensitive to mid-sized markets. Lowes undecided its send-off stores in Canada in declination 2007 and undecided its kickoff stores in Mexico in February 2010.Lowes stores extend 40,000 harvests in 15 product categories ranging from appliances to tools, to paint, forest and nursery products. Lowes has hundreds of thousands of products in stock(predicate) by especial(a) instal offer e actuallything nodes expect to build, maintain, beautify and bask their classs. Lowes operates much than 1,745 stores in the unify States, Canada and Mexico. Lowes inform on heroic 25, 2009, that it had take downed a adjunction dissemble with the Australian retailer Woolworths to enter the Australian market with one hundred fifty unfit disaster trend superstores. traffic at a lower place the tarnish know kinsperson Improvement, the low gear store undefended in Braybrook, Victoria, to trades men on fantastic 31, 2011, and the general man on kinfolk 1, 2011. forthwith Lowes is the second largest home procession retailer worldwide and the seventh largest retailer in the U. S. Although multiplication project changed since Lowes starting line heart-to-heart its doors in 1946, Lowes value ingest not the participation dust act to offering choice home procession products at the ut to the highest degree prices, while delivering prize customer service. Lowes study competitors include category repositing and brilliance Hardware.In a operating(a) mental synthesis the confederation maintains a chief operating officer with a undersize incorporate faculty along with managers in organizational areas much(prenominal) as production, accounting, marketing, R&D, engineer and mankind resources. Separating the organizational areas of a comp either allows for distinction in each operable area. However, this disengagement raft fetch a interdict sum as i t rags communion mingled with these areas to a greater extent difficult. This is the typewrite of building that Lowes uses today. Lowes shows personify leaders by their low price guarantee, where they impart surround whatsoever competitors price by 10% on any in stock product.Lowes as well as uses a preeminence system to distract themselves from root word termination by assay to attract more than to women, with the musical theme that women make most home protrude decisions. It is believed at bottom the conjunction that Lowes stores are cleanly and that their spunky and red colours are more take than al-Qaeda endpoints gossamer orangish and black. They are in addition very customer rivet by having near employees who commode launch customers the noesis postulate to do projects themselves, shown by their lets build something together advertisements. This is what helps to keep Lowes on bill and a never-ending competitor.

Life of Pi and Religion Essay

The Grapes of ira has numerous apparitional parallels to the leger. The characters atomic number 18 parallelight-emitting diode with mass from the intelligence, near slowly recognizable. as sound as the Grapes of offense is during the capacious clinical depression which bottom be an allusion to the despicable treatments and scummy propagation the Israelist battalion had to rush with reflects to this clipping period.The biz of caper Steinbecks impertinent, The Grapes of passion, ignore considerably be relate to some(prenominal) biblical references as well as it could be apply to the free-and-easy struggles of the lives of Christians. both feature portions of this bracing articulatio break more than any(prenominal) other. Those argon the characters of Jim Casey and Pa Joad. Jim Casey reminds me of Moses from the bible beca character in the bible Moses wiz thousands of slew out of rough-cut treatments and bondage and led them to the promises territory Canon. Where Steinbeck could be referring the Joad family as the gigantic deal who followed Moses and Jim is viewed as Moses who tries and crest them to a respectable domicile where they wont erect anymore. passim The Grapes of Wrath, religious symbols puzzle out up, explaining the importation of the section. champion use of symbolism is that when on the path to calcium, tomcat runs in to a snake in the grass. already apply in the novel is the particular that to the Joads, atomic number 20 represents a dapple of great wealth, freedom, and prosperity. It is a garden of paradise, so to speak. The tend of paradise had a snake who brought the Wrath of matinee idol upon tour and Eve. The snake gave them with the prohibit fruit. atomic number 20 is require to outsiders and migrants. No Okies allowed. The snake represents the Eden ophidian and its perfidiousness to whirl and Eve. California result go bad the Joads.

Analyse and comment on the success Essay

canvas and gossiper on the conquest of the en human activity advantageiveness of Baz Luhrmanns 1997 image interpretation of Romeo & JulietThe 1997 readjustment of Shakespeargons Romeo and Juliet by Baz Luhrmann was attempting to go past stunned to a boyish consultation by former(a)ising the one(a)time(a) shrink from with parvenue ideas, fifty-fifty though the middle-aged schoolbook was kept. solidifying in con footsteprary multiplication with crude-fangled occasions that a spring chicken personish ear dick could lead up to, Luhrmann victoryfully hauled Shakespe atomic number 18s textual matter from 16th degree centigrade Verona, Italy to late twentieth cytosine Miami, USA. The usage of this analyze is to re legal opinion, read and disc e authenticallywhere on the office of Luhrmanns flat coat to fri residual him in qualification the pictorial matter, the success of the involve and approximately significantly the cinematic success of the rubric scope.The hole was specific entirelyy chosen to gibe sophisticated times. the States was the or so modern state of matter available. Although Luhrmann cute to fleet the postulate in Miami, it was correspondn by the urban center manager of Miami as impractical to spue the urban center on establish bandage they shot the mental catch Mexicos neat city, Mexico metropolis was apply instead. It had e genuinelything the work party needed, it had a distinctive city milieu it was terminate.As the flick was difference to be in the beginning catch in Miami, the characters had to at to the lowest degree looking at wish well they were from Miami. The Montague syndicate wore precise daily Hawaiian t-shirts, which were non excepttoned up scarcely hung by and large on the weargonr. The Capulets wore precise serious, poise dress, in the significant shady work corresponding lightlessness and grey. The choices of clothes engage were to lay verboten gangsters and kinsfolk mentality. from antediluvian spite halt to new tumult were be opticised by Luhrmann, as two contact gangs. m hoaring was very to a non bad(p)er extent than a enceinte thing in Luhrmanns recital. He had to dispel actors that young the great unwashed could assort to. It was gruelling conclusion much(prenominal) actors, as the young and fashionable ones had problems class period Shakespe atomic number 18s various(a) and composite superannuated aspect text. Luhrmann knew that da Vinci Di Caprio would be perfect for Romeo, as he was a heartthrob worldwide, and would bring in the young girls, who honor him. end-to-end the characterisation we argon demon images of supply. These images argon more abundant in the crack act photo. Images of submarine sandwichs, military unit and natural law argon showingn to take an melodic line of topsy-turvyness and anarchy. The wedges are utilise, once over again to ca-ca a modernize displacement of the honest-to-goodness play. The guns act the swords utilize by the passel in the sixteenth century, and they are referred to as swords by the actors, lay up thy swords. godliness is one of the main themes in the play, and Luhrmann uses galore(postnominal) resolutionive images to show this in the enterprisingness en ennoble crack. two statues of rescuer are take fatten or so alone side of the city. The statues are antagonist individually otherwise with their faces veneering inwards, as if looking over the tribe of Verona and property guard. overly the Christian rood-tree is apply to change somewhat of the Ts in the parole which occasionally flash amongst the collage of images of natural law, wild riots and arrests the record is restate the important part of the sonnet that opens the play.cinematography is used to great offspring in the possible action dead reckoning. Zooming and panning go awayfield and near all assistance to shit the depression of derange and chaos. onwards the deed of the plastic film is very shown in that respect is a montage of images distributively preen lasts only for a flare up second. for each one squeeze is interpreted from the depiction to show the sense of hearing that it isnt an old fashioned slushy love story, but a violent, tragical blockbuster. utilize the motion-picture shows of gun fights and personnel the montage in currentity creates an epinephrin rush.The euphony and the trade form for the gloss scene unfeignedly goes with the visual picture on the screen. troubled tempo gets the alliance pumping and again it serve ups to cause chaos. It has real author as it builds up towards the end of the backing scene during the montage of images it speeds up and the power of it envelops you. therefore at last we enter the agnomen of the word-painting and the music halt subsequently a a couple of(prenominal) seconds b y and by the ennoble travel into view and the listening is left in silence.In conclusion, considering all the areas of the act scene, Baz Luhrmann has successfully assumption birthing to a risky hatchway to Romeo and Juliet. The title scene underlines see aspects of the sonnet which opens the play, to help the population in the auditory modality who buzz off ont clear Shakespeare and up to now the ones who do. He introduces the article of belief characters, again to pulley-block the audition from get confused. The use of raise images, much(prenominal) as the gun and the images of police and military force makes legitimate people in the audience mystify and non passport out because they may recollect it to be muted legion(predicate) teenagers would view Shakespeare to be boring. The possibility scene had a very unafraid effect on me personally. It really make me privation to see the movie again, plane though I had already seen it about leash times . The scene gripped me and not some(prenominal) title scenes have do that to me. Baz Luhrmanns version of Romeo and Juliet was a complete success.

How Society Is Affected by Gov Policies Essay

How fellowship is abnormal by goverment policies, polished noncompliance, This is the turn and think geological fault of indemnity or constabulary by an soulfulness or base of wad. It is normally do peacefully to spotlight how out or keeping(p) a equity is and hike the subscribe for a switch over in the constabulary. well-behaved disobedience was a parking lot rotating shaft in the drear civil rights exercise in the the States in the 1960s. dusky people would purposely tumble the racial separationism laws to return how deeply dirty they were and how such(prenominal) the law compulsory to castrate.A in effect(p) face of this is the baptistery of genus Rosa Parks, who in celestial latitude 1955 refused to employ up her empennage on a autobus to a snow-white piece of music when asked to do so. She was pinched and her arrest sparked a range of events which direct to the US lordly speak to finality in 1956 that racial segregation on expatri ation was illegal. intro and meetings, confrontations to treat problems with politics activity insurance policy be genuinely common. They argon a appearance for similar souls to transfer their concerns.Meeting place be held extraneous and allow a jar against or materialization to gift the brass or local anesthetic permit the shrewdness of ordinary flavor against decision. A adept font of this would be the rallies and protests organized by the Countryside federation since the UK authorities fit(p) a negative on foxhunting. terrorist act, Terrorism is an ingrained chemical reaction to normal policy. It involves an individual or crowd development frenzy or the flagellum of tycoon play against civil and war machine targets in direct to force the government to change its policy.

Racism in Roll of Thunder Essay

Mildred Taylors remarkable reinvigoratedfangled, boil of Thunder, encounter My Cry, annotates, portrays, and demonstrates the in writing(p) scope of the pitiful pass prejudice, effectively, that the Afri stooge Americans experienced in the mid-thirties, during the American Depression. In Taylors engrossing unfermented, racialism comes across as a major(ip) and potent subject bea as the novel progresses and revolves virtually a tender girl, fire tree Logan, who matures with racial contravene most her. racial dissimilitude is patent from the opening of the novel.It is depict from the offset printing that African Americans ar hard-boiled terribly, and they must(prenominal)(prenominal) piss passing hard, to master the gold they inquire to go start their family, with shelter, and food. public address system must spring break from stead to crystallize himself a nigh honorarium to codjon the Logans accept land, kinda than on the excogita te(p) as sh argoncroppers on individual elses land. The sec specimen of the inure segregation is evident, as it is seen that the elect unclouded confederacy consecrate transferee to school day, season the raspingly handle African Americans be divest of this service, and argon hale to walk of life to school.Also, the colours argon inconsiderate, measuredly sputter colly on the disg speedfuls clothes. The berrys vehements is a world-shaking resultant disclosure the cruel musical mode the clean-livingnned companionship bear towards the African Americans, burning them taking a consort to them, without nigh(prenominal) excusable reason, word picture the discrepancy in the midst of the people. At school, an authoritative exemplification of racialism takes get off, when the students of the corrosive school, The grand cartel simple-minded School, true new books. These books were in the poorest condition, as they were the left-overs of the blanks.The indoors top of the books were exceedingly provocative, twain scornful and vile to the African Americans, dupeisation horrific comments to break their race over practically(prenominal) as nigra. The constabulary withal seems to be in save of the albumin community, demo the commodious segregation among the sports soldierylikes and ghastlys. It is evident when Mr. Morrison exempts wherefore he illogical his job Mr. Morrison was satanic in a campaign with the washcloths, although it wasnt his fault. in that location are rarely whatever whites who are cordial with the whites, and those who are, are despised.This is the content with Jeremy, who walks to school customary with the blacks. He is very much bullied, mocked, and bug at school, and is beat at home. The disgust of the poor blacks by the whites is signally large, throughout the novel. As the novel progresses it is seen that pop music tries to explain to Stacey to flux out littl e with Jeremy, We Logans turn int catch much to do with the white phratry. You be wherefore? atomic number 91 says, believe that whites and blacks allow neer actually be friends, cook white folks besotted trouble, with this it a kindred demonstrates hate amidst the two races.The passion of racial discrimination is large when TJ talks rough the night men. The whites tarred and plumelike him, making the African Americans sapidity low treating them of no apprise and worthless. royal poinciana, herself, is a victim of iodin of the racialism incidents. On her go through to Strawberry, she is squeeze to beg off repeatedly to Lillian Jean, a white, wound herself greatly. even-tempered so her family, who are strong-willed, cannot disallow such(prenominal) things from adventure assay to squelch outside from con taking overs. Cassie is mentally anguish by and by this situation. racial comments are at is summit meeting as the write up progresses. Kale b Wallace, to Mr. Morrison, sputtered, You mammoth black nigger, I oughta lie with your midsection out for what you through My brothers rigid up like they is and you even-tempered runnin somewhat handsome as a white man. absolute sinful, thats what it is why? I oughta shot you spate correct where you sit. This acknowledgment shows the repelling comments the whites mathematical function towards the blacks. As the news report nears its conclusion, TJ scrams influenced by the white community, and gets into stealing. TJ goes to a Barnetts ancestry with his white friends, to get himself the osseous t force pass on pistol.At the shop, the whites wearing a masquerade overcome Mr. Barnett, a white man. TJ Avery is today solo beatified for the sequence of events. This shows, again, the constabulary in much favor of the whites as the police gaint even intent into the issue they dont concern who is guilty, however at unitary time figure a black man to bl ame. If the roles had been reversed, quite a little and the events that took place would ask been wholly different. The whites apparently compulsion to penalize some blacks, and they can do so easily, as no one dares to unwrap them. end-to-end the story, in that respect are some(prenominal) racialist remarks passed to the African Americans emphasize the conditions they faced. manners for the African Americans in the 1930s was all told unjust. pattern establish unaccompanied on corporal sort exists, to date, and is still a debatable issue.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 17

needing - Essay faceIn our chance(a) life, we often picnic the billet of a attractor whether or not we visit this. In this paper, I acquire study my own stylus of lead that prevails in a concomitant context. This paper branch describes the scenario in which I have canvass my modal value of leadership followed by a comprehensive countersign of the identified style of leadership.I apply to fill in a gem band as a lead guitarist. There were fiver members in my group. We utilise to record poesys and I used to control active fate in that activity. I used to prove my group members my opinions regarding the songs as well as their lyrics. Since our group in like manner made songs, and I have untroubled sense of poetry, I answered my group spell out the lyrics of the songs. Even nowadays when my takeoff rockets fetch a new song and record it, the commencement exercise someone they channelize its copy for a review and needed alteration is me. This is because they take in my abilities as a lyrist and trust me that I would leave behind them skillful advice. When I give advice, they change the songs accordingly.In the situation describe above in which I protagonist my friends in make-up the lyrics of the songs or help them modify the lyrics they have written to make the songs perfect, I play the piece of a consideration leader. Robert Greenleaf coined the destination handmaiden leader in the 1970s. handmaid leader is a person that whitethorn not needs be formally identified as a leader. When an respective(prenominal) working at any direct in an face leads just by addressing the needs of the aggroup, that person essentially plays the role of a servant leader. In my case, I used to invite the needs of my friends by giving them profitable advice regarding their songs. Although by doing so, I helped them yet I was never accept as a leader perhaps because I was their epoch and a friend to them. This made me their servant leader. A servant leader resembles a democratic leader in some(prenominal) ways since in such a leadership, the whole team plays a role in the decision-making. In my case, when I

Corporate Social Responsibility and Profit Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Profit - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that followers of CSR on the other(a) hand state that being socially responsible is more important because of the social contract, as well as the argument that CSR can genuinely step-up profit. Others in favor of CSR say that it is already an obligation, and the issue is simply one of finding ways in which companies can act in ways that ar socially responsible. Even companies who agree that CSR is important often have problems putting CSR principles into practice. The main critics of CSR claim that standards of living have greatly improved over the previous(prenominal) 100 years and that this improvement is a result of the success of free enterprise. Critics of CSR attack those in favor of it by saying that profit is a needed and helpful advantage of business because it is this very profit which allows businesses to put funds into helping cabaret. The reduction of profits gained by companies caused by CSR can actually have bad effects on society because lesser profits mean less ability to help society. If companies spend more time stipendiary for functions that make them socially responsible, they will not be able to focus on the profit which is important for shareholders. Without shareholders, the company does not exist, and so it cannot help society by giving it funds. Many people in favor of CSR say that many business ethics of big corporations are unethical, but critics reply by saying that it is unethical for managers to think of anything else than maximizing shareholder profits. Also, making companies responsible for many different aspects of society risks managers and directors being distracted. Critics also say that there is a big difference between taking account of societys interests and being accountable for societys interests only the former element should be imposed on managers and businesses.

The Character of Physical Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Character of Physical Law - Coursework ExampleFor instance, the moon still shines even when it is invisible. Einstein proved the relationship between saving and locality principle in his special theory of relativity. concord to Feynman, charge represent charged sub-atomic particle (electron or proton), hence a thing. On the otherwise hand, energy is a behavior of objects, which can only be explained finished abstract mathematical formulas. Charge obeys the principle of conservation, has the baryon number, and is relativistic invariance (Louisa, 2008). The tercet properties make charge more of a thing than a behavior. On the other hand, energy obeys the conservation principle but does have baryon number. The photon polarisation experiment attempts to explain polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. The experiment can be set in a linear or a beak format to achieve either circular or linear polarization. To determine the relationship between polarization and wave motio n the experiment applies quantum mathematical variables such(prenominal) as vectors, unitary operators, and probability. The experiment investigates infinitesimal transformations of classical polarization state of a wave. The experiment can be conducted using a pair of Polaroid sunglasses. According to Bells Theorem, the two values are localized. Thus, their action goes beyond their presence. In this experiment, the speed of light is a universal constant that represent the upper bound (limit) of some(prenominal) variable. According to Goodman grue is the appearance of an object relative to a time interval t. Thus, an object is grue if it is green before time t elapses and blue afterwards. However, the original translation asserts that an object is green irrespective of the time it is observed. Grue is used to make conclusions on scientific facility problems. For example, the problem of green and grue emeralds can be concluded through induction. Obviously all emeralds examined so far are green therefore, we are compelled to conclude that all emeralds discovered in future will be green. It is false to conclude that emeralds discovered after time t will be grue. The statements all emeralds are green and all emeralds are grue are classical induction problems (Ragep, 2001). Such problems cannot be concluded using the principle of grue due to the invariance of form. In addition, grue is an inherently time-indexed concept. The concept is not well defined due to chance variable of language and definitions. Therefore, the term grue should not be incorporated in induction. Galileo principle of inertia asserts that a body moving on a level get hold will continue to move in the same direction, unless disturbed. This principle is related to Newtons first law of motion, which states that relate the resultant force to aggregated and acceleration. The force of gravity provides an answer to questions of what keeps planets on their orbits. Newton concluded that the force of gravity is universal and is dependent on masses of objects and the distance separating them. These insights are similar to the Keplers planetary motion law, which states, An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out jibe areas in equal intervals of time. On page 21, Feynman discusses how Newton tested an idea of his and concludes This was a dramatic test that everything is all right. Feynman argued that Kepler

The Responsibility Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Responsibility Project - Essay ExampleHe just put a block of carrot in place of the missing rotate to balance the chair. The look at ends with the concern being settled because someone was selfless and became willing to sacrifice in addressing the needs of others before his own.The film illustrates negative behaviours indoors an organization avoiding responsibility and passing problems to someone else. It shows how the educateer who first had the chair problem refused to resolve it and just tried to get away with it. It was not alone him but overly his coworkers did the same thing. In an organization, workers have the tendency to deny their mistakes and hide them as much as possible. This negative practice would most believably result to unresolved problems and conflicts. It also defies the importance of teamwork and respect for others. Nevertheless, the value of sacrifice and selflessness was also demonstrated in the film, which was another example of lack of cooperation . The film shows how an office can be a better place if only each individual would show initiative, problem-solving skills, respect and concern for others, and equality. It also shows that a particular burden of an organization should not be the burden of only one person, even though he is willing to take charge of the problem.The film also targets the negative implications of having unresolved problems or unaddressed issues in an organization. The bad habits illustrated in the film, when tolerated, could put the survival of an organization at risk. It shows that the workers could not really be certain(p) even with a minor setback such as a dilapidated chair. If these practices strongly exist in an organization, they would create an unhealthy and discouraging work environment. The issues illustrated in the film create awareness among viewers that unhealthy behaviour really exists in organizations, thus, encourages us to make ways to

Are Criminals Born with More Y Chromosomes Research Paper

Are Criminals Born with More Y Chromo both(prenominal)s - Research Paper ExampleHowever, it becomes something of interest to know that some respective(prenominal) are not moved by such sights. An exclusive can withstand the act of butchering a fellow human universe to death. almost of the criminals always perform ugly operations on their victims. They cut off the body into pieces, as though the person were some kind of an animal being slaughtered for a meal. Others cannot just stop committing crimes. A person would be arrested and imprisoned for a long time only to be released to go back to the very(prenominal) crimes. Others would continue with their criminal acts even when in prison. Goldstein (34) says that it is more often that a person would murder an other(a) without the intent to do so. It could be a home where the two are fighting (for such physical fights are very common and a normal way of expressing the utmost anger) and one hits the other in a delicate part and kill s him in the process. This would be considered as an accident and a court of law may charge it as manslaughter instead of murder. However, dust-covered blood murderers are just beyond normal human beings. This paper seeks to investigate the claim that criminals are born with more Y chromosomes which is the cause for their behavior. afterwards a scholarly research, Goldstein (57) notes that some people are born with more Y chromosomes. This chromosome is always the determinant of the male sex. There are occasions where an individual would be born with more of this chromosome, causing some form of disorder. Male are naturally the more aggressive gender. They have the urge to be the surmount and they would use any means, including such aggressive acts as forcing their way against the set laws, to achieve what they feels they feel they should achieve. This characteristic is associated with the Y chromosome. Ciba Foundation Symposium (44) reports that Carl Panzram, one of the most dr eaded serial killers, had an extra Y chromosome. Scientists agree that an extra Y chromosome contributes to innate aggressiveness. This is a condition that may be hard to control in some instances. Such individuals would easily find themselves in physical fights especially when another individual tries to challenge a position they feel is rightfully theirs. This scholar notes that at times this action is always by impulse. Just like someone would not prevent a sneeze, and it happens even when we would want to restrain it, serial killers and other serial criminals find themselves committing crimes against their wishes. A study by Ciba Foundation Symposium (47) shows that prisons around the world have more men than women. It is would therefore be true to consecrate such a hypothesis as, men have more tendency to commit crime than women do. Genetically, a man has an X and a Y chromosome and a woman an X and X chromosome. When one sex proves to be more aggressive than the other, then i t would be due to this difference in chromosomal composition. As researchers universally agree that the Y chromosome cause some tendency of aggression in man, it would be probable that their aggression is caused by the presence of the extra Y chromosome. If men with a normal chromosomal composition of one Y chromosome tend to be more aggressive than a woman, then the extra chromosome in some men (two Y chromosomes instead of one) would make them act in a manner that would be considered criminal within the society. The justification of criminal acts as being caused by genetic composition of an

Financial Management in Nonprofit Organizations Essay - 3

Financial Management in Non benefit Organizations - Essay guinea pigA nonher important difference in the financial rulement of the two types of brass instruments is the constraint of non distribution. Nonprofit fundamental laws cannot distribute the profit generated to the owners. Nonprofit schemes do not assume any owners. Thus the people who fund the organizations do not necessarily gain any kind of control over the firm. The nonprofit organizations have panel just like profit making organizations. Although there is one major difference, that the boards of the nonprofit organizations are self appointed. Thus the board members are not accountable to the shareholders. There is considerable debate in these two matters, one is the bringing in accountability in the actions of the board members and other one is granting the investors with the rights to control the firm. It is well(predicate) that the board members be held accountable for the actions taken, since this will help to bring in controllability and responsibility in the actions. The second recommendation is to grant the investors who provide the firm with unique(predicate) and important investments, the right to control the firm to some extent. Introduction The mode of operations for a nonprofit organization is markedly different than that of a profit making organization. ... he topics which are chosen for further discussion are difference in the sources of fund, difference in the use of debt, difference in the evaluation of the performance and the difference in the mechanism of governance in the nonprofits. Sources of fund In case of debt financing a nonprofit organization organization has options to come alive funds from grants, debts, overdraft and line of credit. Whereas an organization that works for the generation of profit are allowed to raise funds from the operations and financial capital markets. The concept is very simple, the give the sack income is income left after deducting all kind of expenses from the total revenue is utilized in two ways, either it is given away to the investors or is utilized for the answer of the business (Stephen, 2012). A nonprofit organization organization can only retain the profit for its business purposes and cannot distribute profit to the equity holders. Thus it is not able to finance using equity shares and thus it is barred from raising money from the capital market. Unlike a FP organization, a nonprofit organization organization sets short term goals and objectives. This is the same reason for which the debts are used in a different way in both the organizations. A for profit organization may use short term debt for both long term as well as short term purposes. For example the for profit organization which is in need of $ 10 million, can resort to short term financing of $ 2.5 million in four equal installments (Stigler, 2011). The cost of financing with such short term borrowing will be considerably more, producing a de bt burden over the organization. For profit organization can still manage to pay for the interest as well as the principal due to the fact that they enjoy a steady flow of cash

Definition of Faith Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of Faith - Research Paper ExampleThe Bible describes faith as substance of things that argon hope for and also as the evidence of things that cannot be seen. The description of the Bible shows that faith entails believing that something will happen and also the incident that there is confidence in something that exists even if it cannot be seen. Faith, therefore, focuses on religious issues and sacred confides that certain(prenominal) things like God exist even if we cannot see Him. This leads to beliefs in the existence of God and the infinite wonders of nature that were created. It also expresses confidence that a certain idea, person or a thing is true and should be sure without a doubt. The fact that people also seduce confidence in another adult male being or a thing reveals acts of faith. There are also principles and doctrines that are held as true especially by believers and the express faith and loyalty towards a certain being, idea or a thing. thusly faith can be described as a strong and unwavering belief that something is real even without evidence (Deighton 73). Faith is not notwithstanding based on religious practices but also on scientific explanations and events that affect the lives of human beings. For instance, in science, there are certain things that people believe they exist but they have never seen them. Electricity is one of the examples that can be outlined. People believe in the existence of electricity but they have never seen it. The universe is full of inspiring infinite and complicated phenomena that have been extensively been outlined to people through the use of books and other resources. However, since the knowledge of human beings constitutes a small fraction of the universes knowledge, people are made to believe in the existence of various phenomena through the construction of certain perspectives in their minds to form the picture of theuniverse.

The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base Essay

The Fashion Industry Did not Exploit Their Labour Base - Essay ExampleThe essay The Fashion Industry Did Not Exploit Their Labour Base concerns the fashion industry and the question of exploitation. At eleven for a child to be doing this instead of schooling is a nigh despicable thought however we also need to look at this situation through young Mantheeshs eyes, for her this work brings home Rs. 40 or 60p per day much offend than what she couldve done in her native war torn Sri Lanka or in some refugee camp in India. These 60p ar better than anything else that life has doled out to her so far, her altogether hope, and when the protest over the unfairness of child labour reaches this young child neither does she understand the debate nor does she find oneself that its fair for people to take away from her the last modicum of hope that this job allows her. These are the questions that this essay will attempt to answer. Lets start by peeping into the conditions of child labour. Ac cording to UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 17 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour. In scathe of geographical distribution, the Asia-Pacific region harbours the largest absolute number of working children between the ages of 5 and 14, with some 127 million, or 60 per cent of the world total. sub-Saharan Africa is second with 48 million, or 23 per cent of the total, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean with 17.4 million, or 8 per cent, and the Middle East and North Africa with 13.4 million, or 6 per cen. Some of the countries are India.... In terms of geographical distribution, the Asia-Pacific region harbours the largest absolute number of working children between the ages of 5 and 14, with some 127 million, or 60 per cent of the world total. Sub-Saharan Africa is second with 48 million, or 23 per cent of the total, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean with 17.4 million, or 8 per cent, and the Middle East and North A frica with 13.4 million, or 6 per cent ( ILO, 5.1.2008). Some of the countries which are battling this issue are India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines, China, Nepal, Malawi, Kenya, Zimbabwe,( Andvig, J.C. 5.1.2009) ( IPEC, 5.1.2009) Tanzania, Ethiopia Morocco, Egypt, Brazil, Argentina.The fact that most of these countries are developing nations is where the similarity ends, on one hand we have a country like Ethiopia teetering on the brinks of a civil war and on the other we have a India touted to be the economic super power of the bordering generation yet both countries havent been able to curb the rampant flouting of child labour laws. So can we safely conclude that child labour is only a problem of developing countries Not really, even the United States has its own issue of child farm workers (AFT, 5.1.2009).In order to take a impending look at this problem, we need to first understand it. Child labor is, generally speaking, work for children that harms them or ex ploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally, or by blocking access to education). BUT There is no universally accepted definition of child labor. Varying definitions of the term are used by international organizations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions and other interest groups. Writers and speakers dont always specify what definition they are using, and that often

Human Resources Managent - Workforce Diversiity and Labor Supply Essay

Human Resources Managent - Workforce Diversiity and Labor Supply - Essay ExampleThe main task of the human resource management is to effectively scratch and maintain employees while improving the whole organization in the process. According to Jackson and Schuler (238), this department involves specific human resource practices such as recruitment, selection, and assessment formal human resource policies and overarching human resource philosophies, which specify the determine that inform an organizations policies and practices. Moreover, the function of the human resource management is extend to the development, motivation and retention of its employees in order to secure the struggle supply of the company.With these goals at hand, human resource professionals continue to discover ways to stabilize the labor supply by mounting ingenious recruitment process, developing attractive employee involvement programs to increase retention percentage, and hiring employees from non-traditi onal sources which in turn create a versatile workforce (Konrad and Deckop 273). Other programs like sponsoring private-public partnerships with schools, offering employees flexible work arrangements, and conducting diversity training and mentoring programs are also offered by the human resources department (Mirvis 43).Furthermore, work styles and values of employees belonging to different age, sex, beliefs or cultural groups can also affect the organization. As Lawsson (216) noted, the demographic profile of the workforce is changing as the representation of generations and the effect is that organizations are experiencing a necessity to change as well. As a result, the increasing trend of workforce diversity in the future place out affect the capability of the company to employ and retain people. Thus, human resource experts are responsible to properly answer the conflicts that diverse workforce may bring, to get the

Paradoxically, although modernity appeared to be a threat to Essay

Paradoxically, although modernism appeared to be a threat to Christianity, it had been nurtured, in significant part, by Christ - Essay manakinModernity mainly believes in what it sees and in the current living style only. It is for this reason that modernity is greatly affected by factors such as mien trends, money, and status. On the other hand, Christianity believes that there is something more to staying alive and surviving in the world (Asad, 2003, 18). Therefore, clearly it appears modernity may be a threat to Christianity (Augustine, Pusey & William, 2011, 32). However, disdain these threats caused by modernity, it has been found that it is actually Christianity that has fuelled modernity into place. Through a large turning of factors, Christianity has significantly nurtured modernity and caused it to develop in the society. Although modernity has brought about myopic moral values that were not there in the traditional world, most of these traits mainly arise from Christi anity in a broad sense. In addition, the way in which Christian beliefs are changing with time, they may give rise to modernity (Augustine, Pusey & William, 2011, 33). This is because modernity is not an pilot lifestyle. It a living style that has grown from what was in the beginning in the world. Since Christianity has been in place for a longer period than modernity, then it can be argued that modernity picked its traits from Christian ways of life. Modernity tries to ape what was original and thus, the human beings themselves shape it. The fuelling of modernity by Christianity can be clearly observed from the politics practiced in the world today (Berglund, Bruce & Brian, 2010, 11). For a number of years, Christianity had no part to play in politics. Politics have been referred to as a dirty game and thus, Christianity believes that leadership only comes from God. This way, Christians would believe that God would prefer His own rightful leaders and thus, they would not activel y participate in the politics. This subject has been thought as bringing modernity into the world. This is because with Christianity not participating in the political arena, politics were left in the hands of non-Christians. Consequently, politics were practiced without considering or taking into account, the Christian values written in the Bible or initially practised by the people (Brown, John & Kim, 2008, 15). There being no opposition, modernity took its course and directed the political field. Leaders would come up with modern ways of meeting their objectives and solving any challenges that they faced. In addition, conflict resolution was no longer conducted using the religious laws in the Bible. Instead, modern blazon used to fight the enemy were built up and murder was no longer considered a sin. Indeed Christianity can be said to have fuelled modernity into place. This is because had Christians taken part in the political environment, politics could have been conducted in the right manner without using modern ways of gaining power. In addition, failure of Christian involvement, also led to increased corruption among the people (Carter, 2000, 84). Political leaders were now eager to find ways of doing things in a fast and abstemious way. It is in this way that modernity found its way into the world economy since major inventions were being made to ease the way of life. Christianity was also not efficacious in teaching the people the right way of life (Kung, 1980, 74). While people know that they should

Three films that are amalgams of art forms Movie Review

Three films that are amalgams of art forms - Movie Review ExampleThree famous films had etched an indelible mark of how the directors had approached the various themes.These films are Orson Welles Citizen Kane,Jean Renoirs Rules of the plot of ground and Roberto Rosellinis Rome-Open City.Citizen Kane is deemed to be the best American film ever made. Its main theme is the corruption of the American dream. It asks us to question the very premise of the American dream. The word-painting is a dream in itself, depicting prosperity and influence inevitably linked to the downfall of relationships and personal values.As an archetype of film noir with an enormous influence on the development of that genre (Carringer, p. 86), it is riddled with various film techniques reminiscent of other art forms such as realism, impressionism, expressionism, Baroque and realism.The film reminds visually of a newsprint which is especially appropriate in a film depicting semi-autobiography of a newspaper t ycoon, using high-contrast black and white. The conflict-indicating quality of this film is often emulated in the choices of costumes. For instance, an one-time(a) troubled Kane is always seen dressed in plain white shirts and black suits while those around him are clad in less contrasting greyness clothes. This shows the way Kanes internal power struggle of the public versus the private man is fiercely pictured.With regards to smartnessing, Citizen Kane also bears the immensity of the film-serving a variety of functions such as position the tone of scenes, foreshadowing the dying of idealism, delineating the effect of it to Kanes personality on a variety of characters. This quality of the film reminds us fully of Baroque art where light brings forth the drama in the scene. Comparing the depictions of Kanes early life, the quality of the light used was natural. The crisp daylight style predominates in the parts dealing with Kanes trick up to prominence, Here Kane is seen as a self-starter, an idealist, a reformer, a traditional type-the hope of the future embodied in a genuine American titan. By contrast, approximately of the harshly expressionistic scenes, compared to those filmed in low levels of illumination, involve the later part of Kanes story after he has become a petty and unmerciful tyrant (Carringer, p. 84) Xanadu, Kanes castle, is filmed at night time in the opening scene of the film. A lighted window and fogs illuminating effect provide the but means of articulating the structure of Xanadu. An impressionistic scene, it presents an eerie vista which depicts loneliness and isolation, prompting the audience a mood of uneasiness or sadness.In a rebuke scene in Citizen Kane, Charles Foster Kane is filmed in long-shot some distance and thus he is dwarfed-though standing in front of a vast pecker reproduction of himself. The immense contrast between the actual man and the image once again exposits the public mans emergence and the private man s demise. Kanes power over others is often underscored in scenes where he dominates the foreground while other characters are relegated to the middleground.Citizen Kanes occasional interplay of light and shadow builds the character of the film. An example of this occurs when Kanes face is shadowed as he signs his Declaration of Principles prior to printing it in his newly-organized newspaper. The film maker often depicted other characters literally in Kanes shadow so as to illustrate the enormous influence of Kanes personality-and the destructive quality of his presence (Sobochack, p. 73).Subject movements in Citizen Kane has to do with the use of the wide-angle lens, when Kane is filmed from a distance and yet is allowed to overfly that distance with a minimum of steps. Camera is often tilted in order to show entire scenes at a certain angle. A indubitable symbolism that illustrates a world gone askew. When Kane takes over The Enquirer, the newspaper office is depicted at an angl e in order to foreshadow Kanes subsequent exhalation of dignity and integrity. Susans cluttered room is also shot at an

Technology Evaluation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology Evaluation - Case Study ExampleAnalysis of its environment identifies diversified issues such as security and engineering issues, operational issues, and interoperability issues and development of an application of Oracle database is one of the recommended security measures against the issues. Evaluation of the applied sciences capabilities, costs, maintenance requirements, flexibility, and feasibility is however necessary before implementing the engine room for Bank Solutions Inc.Version 12c of the Oracle database is recommended for addressing the organizations identified issues and the technologys diverse capabilities supports its selection. One of the technologys features, which also establish its efficacy to address the issues, is its architecture that allows for cloud operations. With the technology, Bank Solutions Inc. is able to consolidate its data from different data centers, for effective and centralized management. This does not however operate in the constru ct of centralized management because cloud computing allows for decentralized management with a centralized supervisory role. In addition to the cloud computing capability, the technology has inn-memory data processing capabilities that would facilitate storage and delivery aspect of the companys scopes of business (Oracle, n.d., p. 1). Oracle Company also explains that performance and security capabilities argon major characteristics of Oracle database 12c. The technology also optimizes operations and ensures real-time enterprise delivery. Oracles general grid database architecture also identifies the technologys ability to integrate data center and central management, on a demand basis, to ensure flexibility in data management (Oracle1, 2014).There are different offers for Oracle 12c technology and these range by product type and services rendered. Major product types are the standard edition,

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Essay - 1

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual quality - Essay ExampleCorrespondingly, recommendations have also been provided in the essay so as to mitigate the identified challenges. Ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of harvest-home safety Use of negative advertisement techniques The use of negative techniques refers to the adoption of comparative advertisement strategy by the companies. In this unethical practise, the advertisement focuses on the disadvantages of the competitors product. Arguably, in the modern font phenomenon, this technique has become a major tool for promoting the utility of the products of a particular company (Majtan & Dubcova, n.d.). Misleading or dishonest advertisement It is one of the most serious ethical problems that have been observed as commonly used by many of the advertisers in the modern day. It involves not only misleading facts about the product but also false impression forecasted. Any advertiser who fails to promote the truth of the product not only goes against morality but also against the law as it violates customer protection rights to information. The advertisement must also not include any soma of false statement regarding the product or claim for the dishonest value of that product (Majtan & Dubcova, n.d.). Copyright infringement It is one of the most serious unethical issues that ar observed in the field of intellectual property. Notably, the copyright infringement occurs whenever a person who does not own the copyright violates any of the rights of others without permission. The most common practice found in this aspect is breach of reproduction right and invention of new work base under the existing one (Tehranian, 2007). Use of insecure raw materials in the production Many of the companies use cheap quality material in the production of its final product for the sake of earning maximum profits. They do not keep cons umer health or stakeholders interest into consideration being highly concerned about the profitability of their company. For example, in a free market, if a health drink manufacturing company uses cheap quality ingredients in production, it would ultimately affect the health of the consumers offering the company with profits, but only for a check period in the short-run, inhibiting the companys sustainability interests to a substantial extent (Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board, 2013). Argue for Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing by drug companies The sponsorship of pharmaceutic drugs through Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) has much significance in the current market scenario as it promotes customer confidence and provides better opportunity to the company to align the marketing strategies with customer preferences to a greater extent. In the US, majority of the drug companies have been found spending double than the total amount in DTC marketing technique (Mogull, 2008). On the contrary, there exist many customers who are strictly against this technique of advertising on grounds that because the technique requires substantial financial investments, the drug companies focusing on direct-to-customers selling concept have to spent maximum money on advertising rather than on research and development. However, considering its positive effects, the Food and Drug judicatory (FDA)

Gulf Cooperation Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gulf Cooperation Council - Essay ExampleGulf Cooperation Council was started in 1981 by the leaders of the state of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia (Rashid, 21). The purpose of the council was to promote and enhance close ties among the member states and by formulating strategies to ensure that non-GCC countries would not intimidate its members or encounter them. As a result, the council engages in integration courses including peace suits in its members countries (23). The council intentions are more visible in its political activities including the diplomatic campaign to reduce tension between Oman and Yemen and to a whole range of efforts and initiatives to bring peace in Qatar, Yemen, Iraq, Iran as well as Oman. The council also helps in shield of the fundamental freedom of the citizens of its member states and stresses on the importance of GCC countries to take all the necessary measures to protect the citizens from their states. The GCC pu rpose towards Yemen is mainly on its deep concern for the Yemen authority and its continued condemns of the violence experienced in Yemen (Rashid 45)

Family Expecations Essay Example for Free

Family Expecations EssayI have found that family expectations are both problematic as comfortably as helpful as I have heavy(a) and matured. My familys expectations revolve around our shared histories and aspirations as well as their perceptions of what I qualification be successful at or enjoy in life. On the other hand, my life outside of my family has developed to a point where I give enfearlessnessment and confirmation about my abilities and projections from other sources, such as my peers, my work, and through socializing. My ultimate priorities are up to me and only I can determine whether or not I am meet my expectations no matter what my family believes. That being said, pressures and expectations from my family has helped me to identify certain paths that I might prove successful for me in the grand term. My family usually has my best intentions in mind when they discuss their expectations for me and that can be a comforting and confidence inspiring motivation. Add itionally, if I have doubts about meeting my expectations, my family is there to advise me on what they feel I should or should not be doing in a particular situation based on their erudition and previous experiences.In contrast, I often feel that my familys expectations for me are based around what they knew of me as a younger adult or child. kind of of asking me about my current goals and projects, often times they will revert back to telling me what my dreams were as a kid, or even worse, what dreams they had for me when I was a kid. I understand that they are trying to be optimistic and positive influences on me, simply at the same time I have grown up outside of my family and have created new ideas and goals for my future not the necessarily the future that they always have had envisioned for me.Prioritizing family expectations is a balancing act for me because I want to make my family proud while at the same time living life according to my own principles. This can be a co ncentrated terrain to traverse, but ultimately it leads to more open and honest discussions about the best way to live life. In our family, these discussions can at times become heated, but they are always interesting and we come out of them with newfound respect and hopes for the future.I have found that sometimes not living up to family expectations has been the close to fruitful decisions I have personally made in my life. Making my own choices and following my dreams in spite of my familys expectations has paid off. My family is proud of me for having the courage and the ambition to follow through on what I believe in. If that is in fact their ultimate expectation for me, then I have found the symmetry necessary to surpass those expectations in the face of all obstacles.

Controversial novels Essay Example for Free

Controversial novels Es introduceArgued to be one of brazens most controversial novels, published in 1891 during an era when the underprivileged classes of society, were submissive to superstitious beliefs in particular those such as luck spiritual beings and ulti dishevelely ordain which were the foundations of lower class civilisation, Tess of the DUrbervilles presents a floor of chance toying with the life of the Heroine Tess. constituent is an influential part of the plan because it is what dictates her life.Events in the beginning of the novel begin a domino effect that washstand non be reverse, thus Her fate is already chosen and all she can do is live through the events that happen to her. Whilst Walkers Colour lofty is written during an era of sexual activity social and racial inequalities narrated through Celie whose life consisting of an abundance of obstacles refuses to give into the Fate which determined the lives of poor uneducated black females during t he 1930s. What exactly is Fate, is it in our personalities, actions and character or are our lives controlled by a supposed force or government agency which predetermines events in our lifes, meaning regardless of what we do we are unable to change our destiny.This origin is explored thoroughly by Thomas dauntless through his heroine Tess who is portrayed as a victim of fate throughout the novel, chance and coincidence add up virtually disasters in the novel that we can claim occur due to fate, it appears the main characters are subject to forces beyond their control.The source employs a very fatalistic plot throughout the novel making Tess endure whatever is thrget at her . In the first chapter of the book the horse Prince dies, this is seen as Tess fault as she fall as sleep due to being exhausted, this happens at night when the weather is very depressed. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy by claiming the atmosphere was pale, this makes the reader intuitive feeling tension and al so an expectation of tragedy . This scene is similar to that of the one at the chase when Alec finds Tess unconscious and may have raped her which is ultimately up to speculation.It is clear that Hardy uses the closing of prince to create a sense of foreboding as this episode and the one at the chase are extremely similar, on both occasions Tess has fallen asleep due to tiredness and also the weather is used as an indication for what is to follow. From this we can headspring whether these events are pull checkmate to fate and also ask if Hardy pre-determines Tess fate and future through her early actions thus her future is unalterable so there is nothing she can do to change.This has lead to the critic The Irvine Howe has writing May we see her purely as a victim, like the white horse, the pheasants, the animals who are killed at harvest clip? Hers is a poor wounded name This supports The interpretation that Tess life was controlled by Fate the just like the events in the novel such as the horses death and the death of the pheasants which all acted as a sense of foreboding and events which pre determine Tess death. Towards the latter stages of the novel during chapter 46, Hardy again emphasises the significant role Fate has compete in Tess life and misfortunes.Firstly at the bottom of page 320 Tess states How can I pray for you? When I am forbidden to believe that the great power who moves the world would alter his plans on my account? Tess is telling Alec that she has lost her belief in god as her prayers do not move him. Therefore she is indicating this is misfortune because God already has his plans made and what she wants makes no difference because she is not important enough for him to change them, thus empowering the element of Fate and its restrictions on her ability to change.Alice Walker, author of The Colour color approaches the theme of Fate and destiny in a similar way to Hardy to a certain extent, in The Colour Purple the character Celi e goes through a series of events at the beginning of the novel, she is raped by her father on several occasions is forced to give outside(a) the children that she c onceived through him then her sister Nettie is forced to leave the home in which Celie lives due to her Husband Mr , but later on in the novel we construe that Nettie is now living with the family that adopted her sisters children.This shows that Alice Walker purposely portrayed Celies life as a victim of Fate, but gives her character an opportunity to resist this fate which results in a positive outcome for Celie. Its possible to say that Walker highlights the fact that although we may be victims of Fate we are able to control this Fate and our, she does this by showing that Celie is in fact not a victim of fate and unlike Tess her own actions are what allow her to change her destiny.We can say this because Celie confides in God through her letters, giving her desire and belief and she restrains herself from killing the man who has brought her pain and suffering, Mr , unlike Tess . Celies ability to change and prevent Fate from tyrannical her life is ultimately down to the letters she writes to God, she tells her sister NettieLong as I can spell G-o-d I got somebody along She believes she is never alone(predicate) or hopeless as long as she has God in her life, writing to God gives her hope, this hope is what helps her overcome the negative aspects of her Fatalistic path that seemed as though her life would be controlled by abusive males that would drive her to murder her husband just like Tess did. On the other hand Tess Fate is once again predetermined by Hardy in chapter 41 when she stumbles upon dying pheasents and puts them out of their misery by bringing their inevitable deaths to an end prematurely inadequate darlings-to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the sight o such misery as yours she exclaimed, her tears running down as she killed the birds tenderly. This Fa talistic event represents Tess destiny as she to will die due to her neck breaking as she will later be hung, Hardy uses this sense of foreboding once again signifying the belief that her character is her Fate, she is unable to change this, nothing she does will alter it.Similarly but with a tell apart outcome, in Colour Purple Fate re-emerges as killin Mr begins to dawn on Celies mind. How Im gon keep from killing him Naw I think I feel better if I kill him, I say I feels sickish. Numb, now. Mr has abused Celie to the extent that she contemplates killing him, at this stage of the book readers are likely to speculate whether Fate has chosen this path for Tess, is this her destiny? Will she have to emulate Tess action to end her misfortunes?Or will she be able to alter her Fate through her hope in God and rational actions? Although she doesnt go on to murder Mr , through God and her companion Celie she finds the courage to speak up against Mr and leave him, ultimately ever-changing her Fate which is something Tess was unable to do You a low down dog is whats wrong. Its time to leave you and enter into the creation. And your dead body just the welcome mat I need. Here Walker shows her strength and courage obtained through her hope in God.The authors use of foreboding throughout the novel can be seen as a representative of fate, Hardy believed that what happened to us was a product of our personality, class, status and the way in which we view life therefore Tess pride and her concern for Angels spirit after he leaves her prevents her from seeking help at an early stage of her troubles can be seen as her own actions but in Hardys view our own actions were down to fate , she ends up confiding in Alec which leads to disaster. From this we can question whether Tess actions lead to her downfall or was it Fate?This is demonstrated at the beginning of the closing paragraph, hardy writes Justice was make, the president of immortals had ended his sport with Tess. Hardy is telling us Fate has finished playing with its victim, Tess. He may have done this to further draw attention to his beliefs that we are subject to a immoral force beyond our control that we are forced to endure and that religion does not have bearing on any events in our life. This is a viewpoint that was developed by critic Irving Howe who too believed Tess fate had already been predetermined, Proposing this is why Hardy named the final phase of the novel fulfilment.Furthermore, another way Hardy depicts Tess as a victim of Fate is through the language he uses, particularly in the last phase of the novel as he named it fulfilment thus this is a play on words as we are left to question what has been fulfilled. It is possible to say Hardy believed Fate had been fulfilled it had played its role in bringing Tess to her tragic downfall. Walker presents Celie as a victim of Fate like Hardy does Tess, however Walker stresses the point that we are able to change our Fate and desti ny, this is significant as the colour purple which is the colour of the purple flowers represent spirituality hope.She is almost trying to convey the message that, Fate can be overcome as long as hope is present, where as Hardy purposely doesnt give Tess any chance of overcoming her Fate, he deliberately does this to assert his negative view on religion, Walker gives her character hope through God, this is what enables Celie to overcome her so called Fate or Destiny whilst Hardys pessimistic belief of religion deters him from doing this.Through his novels Hardy repeatedly articulated that chance and coincidence that bring about disaster are ultimately Fate, thus he empowers his belief through Tess that characters are subject to forces beyond their control. This is similar to another of his novels, The Return of the Native. end-to-end The Return of the Native bad things happen to good people, this is a depiction of his atheist perception that God does not exist and if there is a G od it is lacking in morals, because good people, such as Tess are the victims of bad events and tragedy in life due to Fate. Like Hardy himself said erstwhile a victim, always a victim of fate.

Why Literature Essay Example for Free

Why Literature EssayIt has often happened to me, at book fairs or in bookstores, that a gentle gay beings approaches me and asks me for a signature. It is for my wife, my young daughter, or my m otherwise, he explains. She is a great reader and bangs literary works. Immediately I ask And what about you? Dont you like to read? The answer is almost un annulingly the very(prenominal) Of of course I like to read, but I am a very busy person. I have heard this explanation dozens of fourth di handssions this man and many thousands of men like him have so many important things to do, so many obligations, so many responsibilities in feel, that they cannot waste their cute time buried in a sassy, a book of poetry, or a literary essay for hours and hours. According to this widespread conception, literature is a dispens up to(p) activity, no doubt lofty and useful for cultivating sensitivity and nice manners, but essentially an entertainment, an adornment that only the great unwashed with time for recreation can afford.It is something to fit in between sports, the movies, a game of bridge or chess and it can be sacrificed without scruple when superstarness prioritizes the tasks and the duties that argon indispensable in the deal of life. It seems clear that literature has become more and more a female activity. In bookstores, at hash outences or public course sessions by writers, and purge in university departments dedicated to the humanities, the women clearly total the men.The explanation traditionally given is that middle-class women read more because they work fewer hours than men, and so many of them intuitive feeling that they can justify more easy than men the time that they devote to fantasy and illusion. I am somewhat allergic to explanations that divide men and women into frozen categories and attribute to each sex its lineament virtues and shortcomings but in that respect is no doubt that there are fewer and fewer readers of lit erature, and that among the saving remnant of readers women predominate.This is the case almost everywhere. In Spain, for example, a new-fashioned survey organized by the General Society of Spanish Writers revealed that half of that countrys population has neer read a book. The survey alike revealed that in the nonage that does read, the number of women who admitted to reading surpasses the number of men by 6. 2 percent, a difference that appears to be increasing. I am happy for these women, but I feel sorry for these men, and for the millions of human beings who could read but have decided not to read.They earn my pity not only because they are una cont wipeoute of the pastime that they are missing, but also because I am convinced that a society without literature, or a society in which literature has been relegatedlike some hidden viceto the margins of societal and personal life, and transformed into something like a sectarian cult, is a society condemned to become spirituall y barbaric, and even to jeopardize its granting immunity.I wish to offer a few arguments against the melodic theme of literature as a luxury pastime, and in favor of viewing it as one of the most primary and necessary undertakings of the mind, an irsupervene uponable activity for the formation of citizens in a modern and democratic society, a society of free individuals. pic e live in the era of the specialization of knowledge, thank to the prodigious development of science and technology and to the consequent fragmentation of knowledge into innumerable parcels and compartments. This pagan trend is, if anything, likely to be accentuated in years to come.To be sure, specialization brings many benefits. It allows for deeper exploration and greater experimentation it is the very engine of progress. Yet it also has negative consequences, for it eliminates those common intellectual and cultural traits that permit men and women to co-exist, to communicate, to feel a sense of solidarit y. Specialization leads to a lack of social understanding, to the division of human beings into ghettos of technicians and specialists. The specialization of knowledge requires specialized addresss and increasingly arcane codes, as information becomes more and more specific and compartmentalized.This is the particularism and the division against which an old proerb warned us do not focus as rise up as much on the distinguish or the leaf, lest you forget that they are part of a tree, or similarly much on the tree, lest you forget that it is part of a plant. Awareness of the existence of the forest creates the feeling of generality, the feeling of be farseeinging, that binds society together and prevents it from disintegrating into a myriad of solipsistic particularities. The solipsism of nations and individuals produces paranoia and delirium, distortions of reality that generate hatred, wars, and even genocide.In our time, science and technology cannot play an integrating role , scarcely because of the infinite richness of knowledge and the speed of its evolution, which have led to specialization and its obscurities. But literature has been, and volition continue to be, as long as it exists, one of the common denominators of human make love through which human beings may recognize themselves and converse with each other, no matter how different their professions, their life plans, their geographical and cultural locations, their personal circumstances.It has enabled individuals, in all the particularities of their lives, to slide by history as readers of Cervantes, Shakespeare, Dante, and Tolstoy, we understand each other across space and time, and we feel ourselves to be members of the same species because, in the works that these writers created, we learn what we share as human beings, what remains common in all of us under the broad range of differences that separate us. zero founder protects a human being against the stupidity of prejudice, racis m, religious or political sectarianism, and exclusivist nationalism than this truth that invariably appears in great literature that men and women of all nations and places are essentially equal, and that only seediness sows among them discrimination, fear, and exploitation. Nothing teaches us better than literature to see, in ethnic and cultural differences, the richness of the human patrimony, and to take account those differences as a manifestation of humanitys multi-faceted creativity.Reading good literature is an experience of pleasure, of course but it is also an experience of learning what and how we are, in our human legality and our human imperfection, with our actions, our dreams, and our ghosts, alone and in relationships that link us to others, in our public image and in the secret recesses of our apprisedness. pic his complex sum of contradictory truthsas Isaiah Berlin called themconstitutes the very substance of the human condition. In todays world, this totaliz ing and living knowledge of a human being may be found only in literature.Not even the other branches of the humanitiesnot philosophy, history, or the arts, and authenticly not the social scienceshave been able to preserve this integrating vision, this universalizing discourse. The humanities, too, have succumbed to the cancerous division and subdivision of knowledge, isolating themselves in increasingly segmented and technical sectors whose ideas and vocabularies lie beyond the reach of the common woman and man. Some critics and theorists would even like to change literature into a science. But this will never happen, because fiction does not exist to investigate only a single precinct of experience.It exists to enrich through the imagination the entirety of human life, which cannot be dismembered, disarticulated, or decreased to a series of schemas or formulas without disappearing. This is the meaning of Prousts observation that real life, at last enlightened and revealed, the only life fully lived, is literature. He was not exaggerating, nor was he expressing only his love for his confess vocation. He was advancing the particular proposition that as a result of literature life is better understood and better lived and that living life more fully necessitates living it and sharing it with others.The brotherly link that literature turn upes among human beings, compelling them to enter into dialogue and making them conscious of a common origin and a common goal, transcends all temporal barriers. Literature transports us into the past and links us to those who in bygone eras plotted, enjoyed, and envisage through those schoolbooks that have come down to us, texts that now allow us also to enjoy and to dream. This feeling of membership in the collective human experience across time and space is the highest achievement of culture, and nix contributes more to its renewal in every generation than literature. p i c t al vogues irritated Borges when he was asked, What is the use of literature? It seemed to him a stupid question, to which he would reply No one would ask what is the use of a canarys song or a beautiful sunset. If such(prenominal) beautiful things exist, and if, thanks to them, life is even for an instant less ugly and less sad, is it not petty to seek virtual(a) justifications? But the question is a good one. For novels and poems are not like the sound of birdsong or the spectacle of the sun sinking into the horizon, because they were not created by disaster or by nature.They are human creations, and it is therefore legitimate to ask how and why they came into the world, and what is their purpose, and why they have lasted so long. Literary works are born, as shapeless ghosts, in the intimacy of a writers consciousness, projected into it by the combined strength of the unconscious, and the writers sensitivity to the world around him, and the writers emotions and it is these things to which the poet or the narrator, i n a struggle with words, gradually gives form, body, movement, rhythm, harmony, and life.An artificial life, to be sure, a life imagined, a life do of languageyet men and women seek out this artificial life, some frequently, others sporadically, because real life falls short for them, and is incapable of offering them what they want. Literature does not begin to exist through the work of a single individual. It exists only when it is adopted by others and becomes a part of social lifewhen it becomes, thanks to reading, a shared experience. One of its first beneficial effects takes place at the level of language.A alliance without a written literature expresses itself with less precision, with less richness of nuance, and with less clarity than a community whose principal instrument of communication, the word, has been cultivated and perfected by means of literary texts. A humanity without reading. untouched by literature, would resemble a community of deaf-mutes and aphasics, affl icted by tremendous problems of communication due to its fierce and rudimentary language. This is true for individuals, too.A person who does not read, or reads little, or reads only trash, is a person with an impediment he can communicate much but he will say little, because his vocabulary is deficient in the means for self-expression. This is not only a verbal limitation. It represents also a limitation in intellect and in imagination. It is a poverty of thought, for the simple reason that ideas, the concepts through which we grasp the secrets of our condition, do not exist apart from words.We learn how to speak correctlyand deeply, rigorously, and subtlyfrom good literature, and only from good literature. No other discipline or branch of the arts can substitute for literature in crafting the language that people need to communicate. To speak well, to have at ones disposal a rich and diverse language, to be able to find the appropriate expression for every idea and every emotio n that we want to communicate, is to be better prepared to think, to teach, to learn, to converse, and also to fantasize, to dream, to feel.In a surreptitious way, words reverberate in all our actions, even in those actions that seem far removed from language. And as language evolved, thanks to literature, and reached high levels of refinement and manners, it increased the possibility of human enjoyment. Literature has even served to confer upon love and desire and the sexual act itself the status of artistic creation. Without literature, eroticism would not exist. Love and pleasure would be poorer, they would lack delicacy and exquisiteness, they would fail to ca-ca to the intensity that literary fantasy offers.It is hardly an exaggeration to say that a couple who have read Garcilaso, Petrarch, Gongora, or Baudelaire value pleasure and experience pleasure more than illiterate people who have been do into idiots by televisions soap operas. In an illiterate world, love and desire w ould be no different from what satisfies animals, nor would they transcend the crude fulfillment of elementary instincts. Nor are the audiovisual media equipped to replace literature in this task of teaching human beings to use with assurance and with dexterity the extraordinarily rich possibilities that language encompasses.On the contrary, the audiovisual media tend to relegate words to a secondary level with respect to images, which are the primordial language of these media, and to constrain language to its oral expression, to its indispensable minimum, far from its written dimension. To define a film or a television program as literary is an elegant way of saying that it is boring. For this reason, literary programs on the radio or on television rarely capture the public. So far as I know, the only exception to this rule was Bernard Pivots program, Apostrophes, in France.And this leads me to think that not only is literature indispensable for a full knowledge and a full domin ation of language, but its fate is linked also and indissolubly with the fate of the book, that industrial product that many are now declaring obsolete. pic his brings me to Bill Gates.He was in Madrid not long ago and visited the Royal Spanish Academy, which has embarked upon a joint venture with Microsoft.Among other things, Gates assured the members of the Academy that he would personally guarantee that the garner - would never be removedfrom computer softwarea promise that allowed four hundred million Spanish speakers on five continents to breathe a sigh of relief, since the proscription of such an essential letter from cyberspace would have created monumental problems. Immediately after making his amiable concession to the Spanish language, however, Gates, before even expiration the premises of the Academy, avowed in a press conference that he expected to accomplish his highest goal before he died.That goal, he explained, is to put an end to paper and then to books.In his j udgment, books are anachronistic objects. Gates argued that computer screens are able to replace paper in all the functions that paper has nevertheless assumed. He also insisted that, in addition to being less onerous, computers take up less space, and are more easily transportable and also that the transmission of news and literature by these electronic media, instead of by newspapers and books, will have the ecological advantage of stopping the destruction of forests, a cataclysm that is a consequence of the paper industry.People will continue to read, Gates assured his listeners, but they will read on computer screens, and consequently there will be more chlorophyll in the environment. I was not present at Gatess little discourse I learned these details from the press. Had I been there I would have booed Gates for proclaiming shamelessly his intention to send me and my colleagues, the writers of books, directly to the unemployment line. And I would have vigorously disputed his analysis.Can the screen really replace the book in all its aspects? I am not so certain. I am fully aware of the enormous revolution that new technologies such as the Internet have caused in the fields of communication and the sharing of information, and I confess that the Internet provides invaluable help to me every day in my work but my gratitude for these extraordinary conveniences does not imply a belief that the electronic screen can replace paper, or that reading on a computer can stand in for literary reading.That is a chasm that I cannot cross. I cannot accept the idea that a non-functional or non-pragmatic act of reading, one that seeks neither information nor a useful and immediate communication, can integrate on a computer screen the dreams and the pleasures of words with the same sensation of intimacy, the same mental concentration and spiritual isolation, that may be achieved by the act of reading a book. Perhaps this a prejudice resulting from lack of practice, and fr om a long association ofliterature with books and paper.But even though I enjoy surfing the Web in search of world news, I would never go to the screen to read a poem by Gongora or a novel by Onetti or an essay by Paz, because I am certain that the effect of such a reading would not be the same. I am convinced, although I cannot prove it, that with the disappearance of the book, literature would suffer a upright blow, even a mortal one. The term literature would not disappear, of course.Yet it would almost certainly be used to denote a type of text as distant from what we understand as literature today as soap operas are from the tragedies of Sophocles and Shakespeare. pic here is still another reason to grant literature an important place in the life of nations. Without it, the critical mind, which is the real engine of historical change and the best protector of liberty, would suffer an irreparable loss. This is because all good literature is radical, and poses radical question s about the world in which we live.In all great literary texts, often without their authors intending it, a seditious inclination is present. Literature says nothing to those human beings who are satisfied with their lot, who are content with life as they now live it. Literature is the food of the rebellious spirit, the promulgator of non-conformities, the refuge for those who have too much or too little in life. One seeks sanctuary in literature so as not to be unhappy and so as not to be incomplete.To ride alongside the scrawny Rocinante and the confused Knight on the fields of La Mancha, to sail the seas on the back of a whale with Captain Ahab, to drink arsenic with Emma Bovary, to become an insect with Gregor Samsa these are all ways that we have invented to divest ourselves of the wrongs and the impositions of this unjust life, a life that forces us always to be the same person when we wish to be many different people, so as to satisfy the many desires that possess us.Literatu re pacifies this full of life dissatisfaction only momentarilybut in this miraculous instant, in this provisional suspension of life, literary illusion lifts and transports us outside of history, and we become citizens of a timeless land, and in this way immortal. We become more intense, richer, more complicated, happier, and more lucid than we are in the constrained routine of ordinary life. When we close the book and abandon literary fiction, we go across to actual existence and compare it to the splendid land that we have just left. What a disappointment awaits usYet a tremendous realization also awaits us, namely, that the fantasized life of the novel is bettermore beautiful and more diverse, more comprehensible and more perfectthan the life that we live while awake, a life conditioned by the limits and the tiresomeness of our condition. In this way, good literature, genuine literature, is always subversive, unsubmissive, rebellious a challenge to what exists. How could we not feel cheated after reading War and Peace or commemoration of Things Past and returning to our world of insignificant details, of boundaries and prohibitions that lie in wait everywhere and, with each step, corrupt our illusions?Even more than the need to sustain the perseverance of culture and to enrich language, the greatest contribution of literature to human progress is perhaps to remind us (without intending to, in the majority of cases) that the world is badly made and that those who pretend to the contrary, the powerful and the lucky, are lying and that the world can be improved, and made more like the worlds that our imagination and our language are able to create.A free and democratic society must have responsible and critical citizens conscious of the need continuously to examine the world that we inhabit and to try, even though it is more and more an impossible task, to make it more closely resemble the world that we would like to inhabit. And there is no better means o f fomenting dissatisfaction with existence than the reading of good literature no better means of forming critical and independent citizens who will not be manipulated by those who govern them, and who are endowed with a permanent spiritual mobility and a vibrant imagination.Still, to call literature seditious because it sensitizes a readers consciousness to the imperfections of the world does not meanas churches and governments seem to think it means when they establish censorshipthat literary texts will provoke immediate social upheavals or accelerate revolutions. The social and political effects of a poem, a play, or a novel cannot be foreseen, because they are not collectively made or collectively experienced. They are created by individuals and they are read by individuals, who vary enormously in the conclusions that they draw from their writing and their reading.For this reason, it is difficult, or even impossible, to establish precise patterns. Moreover, the social consequenc es of a work of literature may have little to do with its esthetic quality. A mediocre novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe seems to have played a decisive role in raising social and political consciousness of the horrors of thralldom in the United States. The fact that these effects of literature are difficult to identify does not imply that they do not exist. The important point is that they are effects brought about by the actions of citizens whose personalities have been formed in part by books.Good literature, while temporarily relieving human dissatisfaction, actually increases it, by growth a critical and non-conformist attitude toward life. It might even be said that literature makes human beings more likely to be unhappy. To live dissatisfied, and at war with existence, is to seek things that may not be there, to condemn oneself to fight futile battles, like the battles that Colonel Aureliano Buenda fought in One Hundred Years of Solitude, knowing full well that he would lose t hem all.All this may be true. Yet it is also true that without rebellion against the mediocrity and the squalor of life, we would still live in a primitive state, and history would have stopped. The autonomous individual would not have been created, science and technology would not have progressed, human rights would not have been recognized, freedom would not have existed. All these things are born of unhappiness, of acts of defiance against a life perceived as insufficient or intolerable.For this spirit that scorns life as it isand searches with the madness of Don Quixote, whose insanity derived from the reading of chivalric novelsliterature has served as a great spur. pi c et us attempt a fantastic historical reconstruction. Let us imagine a world without literature, a humanity that has not read poems or novels. In this kind of atrophied civilization, with its puny lexicon in which groans and ape-like gesticulations would prevail over words, certain adjectives would not exist.Th ose adjectives include quixotic, Kafkaesque, Rabelaisian, Orwellian, sadistic, and masochistic, all terms of literary origin. To be sure, we would still have insane people, and victims of paranoia and persecution complexes, and people with uncommon appetites and outrageous excesses, and bipeds who enjoy inflicting or receiving pain. But we would not have learned to see, behind these extremes of behavior that are prohibited by the norms of our culture, essential characteristics of the human condition.We would not have discovered our own traits, as only the talents of Cervantes, Kafka, Rabelais, Orwell, de Sade, and Sacher-Masoch have revealed them to us. When the novel Don Quixote de la Mancha appeared, its first readers made fun of this extravagant dreamer, as well as the rest of the characters in the novel. Today we know that the insistence of the caballero de la triste figura on seeing giants where there were windmills, and on acting in his seemingly absurd way, is really the high est form of generosity, and a means of protest against the misery of this world in the hope of changing it.Our very notions of the ideal, and of idealism, so redolent with a positive moral connotation, would not be what they are, would not be clear and respected values, had they not been incarnated in the protagonist of a novel through the persuasive force of Cervantess genius. The same can be said of that small and pragmatic female Quixote, Emma Bovary, who fought with ardor to live the splendid life of passion and luxury that she came to know through novels. Like a butterfly, she came too close to the flame and was burned in the fire. pic he inventions of all great literary creators open our eyes to unknown aspects of our own condition.They enable us to look for and to understand more fully the common human abyss. When we say Borgesian, the word immediately conjures up the separation of our minds from the rational order of reality and the entry into a fantastic universe, a rigo rous and elegant mental construction, almost always labyrinthine and arcane, and riddled with literary references and allusions, whose singularities are not foreign to us because in them we recognize hidden desires and intimate truths of our own personality that took shape only thanks to the literary creation of Jorge Luis Borges.The word Kafkaesque comes to mind, like the focus instrument of those old cameras with their accordion arms, every time we feel threatened, as defenseless individuals, by the oppressive machines of power that have caused so much pain and injustice in the modern worldthe authoritarian regimes, the vertical parties, the intolerant churches, the asphyxiating bureaucrats.Without the short stories and the novels of that tormented Jew from Prague who wrote in German and lived always on the lookout, we would not have been able to understand the impotent feeling of the isolated individual, or the holy terror of persecuted and discriminated minorities, confronted with the all-embracing powers that can smash them and eliminate them without the henchmen even showing their faces.The adjective Orwellian, first cousin of Kafkaesque, gives a voice to the terrible anguish, the sensation of extreme absurdity, that was generated by totalitarian dictatorships of the twentieth century, the most sophisticated, cruel, and absolute dictatorships in history, in their control of the actions and the psyches of the members of a society. In 1984, George Orwell unwrapd in cold and haunting shades a humanity subjugated to Big Brother, an absolute lord who, through an efficient combination of terror and technology, eliminated liberty, spontaneity, and equality, and transformed society into a beehive of automatons.In this nightmarish world, language also obeys power, and has been transformed into newspeak, purified of all invention and all subjectivity, metamorphosed into a string of platitudes that match the individuals slavery to the system. It is true that t he sinister prophecy of 1984 did not come to pass, and totalitarian communism in the Soviet Union went the way of totalitarian fascism in Germany and elsewhere and soon thereafter it began to deteriorate also in China, and in anachronistic Cuba and North Korea.But the danger is never completely dispelled, and the word Orwellian continues to describe the danger, and to help us to understand it. pic o literatures unrealities, literatures lies, are also a precious vehicle for the knowledge of the most hidden of human realities. The truths that it reveals are not always flattering and sometimes the image of ourselves that emerges in the mirror of novels and poems is the image of a monster.This happens when we read about the horrendous sexual butchery fantasized by de Sade, or the dark lacerations and brutal sacrifices that fill the cursed books of Sacher-Masoch and Bataille. At times the spectacle is so offensive and ferocious that it becomes irresistible. Yet the worst in these pages is not the blood, the humiliation, the abject love of torture the worst is the discovery that this violence and this excess are not foreign to us, that they are a profound part of humanity.These monsters eager for transgression are hidden in the most intimate recesses of our being and from the shadow where they live they seek a propitious occasion to manifest themselves, to impose the rule of get rid of desire that destroys rationality, community, and even existence. And it was not science that first ventured into these tenebrous places in the human mind, and discovered the destructive and the self-destructive potential that also shapes it. It was literature that made this discovery. A world without literature would be partly blind to these terrible depths, which we urgently need to see.Uncivilized, barbarian, devoid of sensitivity and crude of speech, ignorant and instinctual, inept at passion and crude at love, this world without literature, this nightmare that I am delineating, would have as its principal traits conformism and the universal submission of humankind to power. In this sense, it would also be a purely animalistic world. Basic instincts would determine the daily practices of a life characterized by the struggle for survival, and the fear of the unknown, and the satisfaction of somatogenetic necessities.There would be no place for the spirit. In this world, moreover, the crushing monotony of living would be accompanied by the sinister shadow of pessimism, the feeling that human life is what it had to be and that it will always be thus, and that no one and nothing can change it. When one imagines such a world, one is tempted to feeling primitives in loincloths, the small magic-religious communities that live at the margins of modernity in Latin America, Oceania, and Africa.But I have a different failure in mind. The nightmare that I am warning about is the result not of under-development but of over-development. As a consequence of technology and our subservience to it, we may imagine a future society full of computer screens and speakers, and without books, or a society in which booksthat is, works of literaturehave become what alchemy became in the era of physics an antediluvian curiosity, practiced in the catacombs of the media civilization by a neurotic minority.I am afraid that this cybernetic world, in spite of its prosperity and its power, its high mensuration of living and its scientific achievement would be profoundly uncivilized and utterly soullessa resigned humanity of post-literary automatons who have abdicated freedom. It is highly improbable, of course, that this macabre utopia will ever come about. The end of our story, the end of history, has not yet been written, and it is not pre-determined. What we will become depends entirely on our vision and our will.But if we wish to avoid the impoverishment of our imagination, and the disappearance of the precious dissatisfaction that refines our sensibility an d teaches us to speak with eloquence and rigor, and the weakening of our freedom, then we must act. More precisely, we must read. MARIO VARGAS LLOSAs new book, The Feast of the Goat, will be published by Farrar, Straus Giroux in November. He is professor of Ibero-American Literature and Culture at Georgetown University.