Fire Ants Essay -- essays research papers

Fire AntsFire emmets have been in the United States for over sixty years, and almostevery American that lives in or frequently visits the quarantined states whichthey inhabit has had an unpleasant run in with these troublesome critters.Inhabitants of the Southeast who have ever stood unwittingly atop a sack up antmound know that the insects atomic number 18 aptly named. When the ants sting it creates asensation similar to scorching caused by a hot needle soupcon the skinmomentarily (1. Tschinkel 474). Fire ants are native to South America and wereintroduced to the United States in 1928 through a port in Mobile, Alabama. Theants were stowaways hidden in soil used for ballast and in dunnage dropped offthe ships once they had sailed from South America to the ports of Alabama (2.Lockley 31). The two basic species of muster out ants in the United States are theare moody and red, they vary in length from one eighth to one quarter inch.Black fire ants arrived first followed shortly b y the notorious imported redfire ants. Black ants (Solenopsis Richteri Forel) were the first to arrive and administer slowly but steadily despite government intervention to stop them fromspreading(3. Lockley 33). These black ants would spread much further then thesecond waving of imported ants recognized as Solenopsis Invicta Buren or redfire ants(4. Lockley 33). This second wave of ants arrived in about 1945 andspread much more rapidly and dominated the previous more passive black ant(5.Lockley 34). Homer Collins, a fire ant expert, stated that "The new invader,known as the red imported fire ant, proved more adaptive and rapidly displacedthe existing imported black ant. By 1949, Solenopsis Invicta Buren were thedominant species of imported fire ant. Ants could be found in commercialornamental-plant nurseries in the heart of the Southeast." Red ants are aparticularly battleful ant species that, like the killer bees, are rapidlyspreading northward from the Southeastern Uni ted States, and have traveled asfar west as Texas and as far north as North Carolina. "Experts predict that theants may eventually reach as far west as California and as far north asChesapeake Bay."(7. Tschinkel 474). The spread of fire ants into new areasdepends on many factors the existing level of fire ant population, climate,competition, and natural predators . In areas where new(prenominal) ant popul... ...ed States over sixty years ago. Even in1997 society has not found an effective way to exterminate or control the spreadof these troublesome insects. As piece chooses to genetically experiment withspecies and continues to connect the remote areas of the world with faster andmore efficient means of moving food and goods. Occurrences of accidentaltransportation of troublesome pests, bacteria, and viruses will also increase.The fire ant while costly and annoying wont cause the absolute destruction of liveliness as we know it. Fire ants are however a reminder that ecosy stems are adelicately balanced environments with forces that keep the food chainfunctioning. The fire ant and the African killer bee do not have naturalenemies in the Southern United States that reside in South Africa. As mankinddestroys the rain forests of South America for cattle grazing, he has releasedthings like the Hunta virus, and the Ebola virus in Africa. Both of theseviruses could rapidly destroy populations. Mankind has made tremendous leaps inknowledge and technology during this century. If this use of that technologyis not metered and controlled intelligently it may be the downfall of themankind.

The Story Of An Hour :: essays research papers

The aspirations and expectations of freedom can lead to bothoverwhelming revelations and melancholy destruction. In KateChopins The degree of an Hour Louise mallard is strickenwith the news of her husbands death and soon lead to newfound glory of her freedom and then deal catastrophe inthe death of herself. Chopins use of irony and thefluctuation in tone present the idea that freedom can be devoted or taken away without question and can kill withoutwarning.After learning of her husbands death in arailroad disaster, Mrs. Mallard sinks into a deep state ofgrief, as one would be expected to do upon receiving suchnews. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, inher sisters subdivisions, shows that the tone was of despair andheartache. Though, as the sights and sounds of spring revealthemselves through the window, the tone dramatically changesto a tasteful, newfound youth. The thoughts of deliciousbreath of rain or notes of a distant song bring thefeeling of livelihood to one . Then, the words Free, free,free, express Mrs. Mallards realization that her lifefrom now on is her own, and will not be succumbed to theneeds and wishes of her husband. Her pulse increases and herchest rises with fervor, as she recognizes this thing thatwas approaching to posses her, which depicts how the tone,once again is about to change. She has now found a newdesire for life. However, without warning, the tone abruptlyreverts back to its grief stricken horror. As Mr. Mallardwalks in the door, her thoughts, dreams, and aspirations,quickly fade away. Louises heart, so weak, apparently stops andall bliss transfers into extreme heartache. The drasticchanges of tone reveals that freedom can be given and takenfrom someone in a twinkling and the heartache will alwaysremain.The apparent use of irony in Chopins story presentsthe idea of whether freedom does in fact result in the stateof felicity. At first her ideas of freedom are sorrowful andher heart is broken because of the distr aught news. Thoughthe inexplicable feelings of freedom soon exhume her formand the future is now the focus of her mind. Ironically, hernew found freedom is what soon leads to her devastating lossof life. A kind intention or a untamed intention expressesthat no matter it be immoral or virtuous, the feeling ofliberation from her late husband aids in her youthful

A Fire Tale :: Free Essay Writer

A spark, dry grass, the beginning of life I am alive and I feel good As I work out around at my humble surroundings, I feel that I was made for much more. I obligate been made to rule the world only if food comes first     I look over at the gum trees just mere metres away. Food I sweep over, ruin everything in my path. Nothing can stop me Muhahahaha The eucalyptus cackles under my intense heat and the once mighty trees bow down in awe of my awesome power. I show no mercy as I consume them in seconds.     That was good, but not enough. I must wear more The eucalyptus was definitely not my style, it was too wet. I prefer the cold hard wood that is part of the handiwork of those good for nothing, self proclaimed, questionable rulers of the world, the homosapian.     Ah I see. on that point, about 200 yards away is a barn and some fruit bushes. That would suit me very nicely. I creep silently up to my victims, first sur rounding them and then engulfing it in my hot body. The bushes were a bit wet but were a good treat.     I am now real that I can rule the world Nothing can stop me now I continue on my deadly rampage consuming and devouring everything in my path. I come to an old worn down house. Strange looking thing the humans have constructed here. I taste a bit. There seems to be some colourful covering that accents my flame. I hurry on, theres not much time left. I hurriedly finish the house, eat everything up besides the metallic objects that seem to have a negative effect on me.     I reach a blue shimmering disc on the ground. How dare it even try to stop me This must be the legendary water that has been a treat to my previous ancestors. I touch it. It burns But not enough to stop me. I hurry over it finding to my surprise that my heat is enough to make it disappear. Muhahahaha. My ancestors must have been terribly wonky to be stopped by that tiny thing.     I continue on, wreaking havoc on everything from the weak grass to the mighty oak trees. As I look over the land I see a strange collection of human structures. That must be one of those towns Ive so often perceive about. I move cautious over, for the legends have it that no

To Kill a Mocking Bird - Maturation Essay -- essays research papers

Growing TogetherThe way and rate that people mature at can be directly attributed to the values and beliefs of the society that surrounds an private. It is undeniable that societys perspective on many controversial issues will generally be adopted by the younger generations in a given society. Moreover, the exposure to significant events, coupled with the major influence of family members, can have an enormous impact on how an individual matures. Additionally, family members greatly help each other develop into moral adults by instilling in each other values that will ultimately take root an individuals character. In Harper Lees timeless classic, To Kill a Mockingbird, the constant reiteration of genus Atticus Finchs values, in coupling with the exposure to significant events, assist in Jem and Scouts maturation into virtuous adolescents. Throughout the novel, Atticus assistance to Jem and Scouts development becomes unpatterned. Atticus takes every opportunity to attempt to teac h his children the importance of having an open-mind. For instance, when Scout queries Atticus about Maycombs prejudice perspective, he tells her, You never really understand a person untilyou climb in their skin and walk around in it. (Lee 30) Even during the early stages of the novel, it is apparent that Atticus endeavors to instill the values of empathy and tolerance deep down Jem and Scout by teaching them how to have multiple perspectives on a situation. In addition, Atticus also attempts to enlighten his children about peaceful resolution in society. For example, when Atticus is chosen to defend Tom Robinson, Atticus tells Scout, you might hear some ugly talk about it at school butyou only when hold your head high and keep those fists down.... ...heme of maturation in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, is conveyed through the characters of Scout and Jem, in confederacy with the assistance of their virtuous father Atticus Finch. Early in the novel, Atticus ascertains himsel f as a major facilitator in the maturation process of Scout and Jem by incessantly providing mature solutions to his childrens predicaments. Moreover, Scout, a major benefactor of the Boo Radley incident and Atticus wisdom, has helped her develop into a very tolerant and mature individual. Undeniably, Jems remarkable development into a broadminded and compassionate character can be directly attributed to Atticus kindness and Jems exposure to the Tom Robinson trial. In synopsis, it is evident that the individuals and social circumstances that surround an individual play a major role in defining the type of individual one will become.

The Novel Deliverance as a Prophecy of Man :: James Dickey Deliverance Essays

The Novel Deliverance as a Prophecy of Man A true survivor can scarce depend on himself. The novel Deliverance is a story about four characters each with different views on surviving. Every man in the population can relate to one of the three secondary characters in the novel Deliverance. Men can relate to Lewis Medlock for his primitive views, Drew for his rationality, or Bobby for his lack of skill to survive. Many people say that Lewis is the man that well-nigh men want to be give care, Drew is the man that most men are like, and Bobby is the man that most men fear becoming. Lewis is the man most men want to be because he does non depend on anyone or anything. He loves a altercate and will do anything he can to live life to its fullest extent. Ed Gentry, the central character, represents all in the way he looks up to Lewis and strives to be like him. some men fall into the uniform category as Drew because their ability to survive has been clouded by rational thoughts. Then there is Bobby. Most men do not want to be linked with Bobby because he can not live without help from civilization. Even though these characters posses many of the same traits, their main differences are in their ability to survive life. They also have different views on life. Lewis sees life as a game that you must evermore challenge if you are to survive. Drew sees life as a struggle that should never be challenged. Then there is Bobby who sees life as something he does not have to worry about because their will always be someone their to help him through it. All three of these characters possess traits that can be determine in every man. First there is Lewis, a middle aged man that is at the prime of his life, and fears nothing. He is the strongest character in the book. He is, a physical-conditioning perfectionist with misplaces survival-of-the-fittest instincts and cave-man yearnings(Warren). Lewis is the man that most men want to be like because he needs no one to sur vive but himself. He constantly demonstrates a primitive life-style that no longer exists. The primitive life-style he demonstrates is one of survival. Lewis is an attractive character for males because of his need for no one. He needs no one to life his life for him.

The Novel Deliverance as a Prophecy of Man :: James Dickey Deliverance Essays

The Novel Deliverance as a Prophecy of Man A true survivor locoweed only suppose on himself. The novel Deliverance is a story about four characters each with different views on surviving. Every part in the world can relate to matchless of the three secondary characters in the novel Deliverance. Men can relate to Lewis Medlock for his original views, Drew for his rationality, or Bobby for his lack of ability to survive. many a(prenominal) people say that Lewis is the man that most custody want to be like, Drew is the man that most men are like, and Bobby is the man that most men fear becoming. Lewis is the man most men want to be because he does not depend on anyone or anything. He loves a gainsay and pull up stakes do anything he can to live life to its fullest extent. Ed Gentry, the central character, represents all in the way he looks up to Lewis and strives to be like him. close to men fall into the same category as Drew because their ability to survive has been clo uded by rational thoughts. Then there is Bobby. Most men do not want to be linked with Bobby because he can not live without help from civilization. Even though these characters posses many of the same traits, their briny differences are in their ability to survive life. They also grant different views on life. Lewis sees life as a game that you must constantly challenge if you are to survive. Drew sees life as a struggle that should never be challenged. Then there is Bobby who sees life as something he does not have to worry about because their will always be someone their to help him through it. All three of these characters possess traits that can be identified in every man. First there is Lewis, a middle aged man that is at the prime of his life, and fears nothing. He is the strongest character in the book. He is, a physical-conditioning perfectionist with misplaces survival-of-the-fittest instincts and cave-man yearnings(Warren). Lewis is the man that most men want to be like because he needs no one to survive but himself. He constantly demonstrates a primitive life-style that no longer exists. The primitive life-style he demonstrates is one of survival. Lewis is an attractive character for males because of his need for no one. He needs no one to life his life for him.

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay

Organizations around the world are continuously recording selective discipline and reporting pecuniary information to the use for many purposes by the respective users. A tremendous amount of financial transactions continuously stir in the organizations, just about transactions occur each second or minute whereas some transactions are very unique and take place on occasion as a result of a specific event. That is why to bring things in conformity and consistency, it is important that organizations establish precedents and procedures for recording their data.In doing so deliver results will be in a position to be compared with historical data and with entities in similar industry. Listed companies have to particularly follow regulation formats and bump their financial information in such(prenominal) a way that it is considerably understood by the users of the financial statements. This is because consistency flows through non just 1 organization but the entire industry maki ng outcomes easier to contrast. These objectives are being addressed by standard fit boards such as IAASB by setting International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting standards (IFRS).Both IFRS and IAS are equal in terms of their foster and standing. (Tatum Malcum) All transactions need to be recorded as suggested above. One of the aspects that are a part of recording is financial instruments created by a legal document and having different m iodintary values. They faecal matter be classified as cash or derivative instruments. Cash type of financial instruments is widely used and slew be most easily understood. Currency in itself is a cash instrument or a bank cheque is a good example which can be used to transfer money from one bank account to a nonher.However derivative instruments include those tools such as futures an instrument saying that the lead astrayer will sell the asset or buyer will buy it at a future date. Price of such transactions is determined at the time of first appearance into a future contract. There are other instruments as well such as options and swaps whereas sometimes stocks, bonds and currency forwards are also termed as financial instruments. (Tatum Malcum) Due to the wide range of financial instruments being used, IAS 39 was introduced by International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in 2001 to regulate the process of information and measurement of such transactions.The organizations dealing with them were facing problems with respect to treatment as different approaches were being applied by entities. This led to inconsistency of disclosing and recording of suppress amounts within the industry as they were no standard process for recording the financial instruments. This directed the results of entities within the same industry to be incomparable with one another. Many of transactions involving financial instruments remained un recognized as no proper recognition and measurement processes were known to the accountants.Hence CFO and CEO were in a position to distort the actual results and lead shareholders astray. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) In response to that IAS 39 introduced a concept of fair(a) value write up. The standard increased the importance of the fair value accounting for the financial instruments and therefore required entities to record assets and liabilities on the face of the balance sheet and discloses the nature of derivatives in the financial statements.In fount of hybridizations, the structure had to be broken down into two components (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur). This is because hybrid instruments have a mixture of characteristics of both debt and equity thereby grocery store price of the hybrid instrument is sensitive to both the interest rates and quoted price for the stock (Riskglossory. com). The two components of the hybrid contract are real contracts however derivative is disordered from the contract to be measured at fair value. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur)IAS 39 also introduced hedge accounting for all derivatives in order to minimize the volatile affects on the income statement. Further segregation in the standard came into place as the intention of hedging was used to establish which accounting rules will be applied. As a result a fair value hedge, net investiture hedge in foreign currency and cash flow hedge accounting rules was launched. In fair value hedging the risks are connected to the fluctuation of fair value of an underlying asset or liability.Whereas cash flow hedges are those in which the exposure is connected to the future cash flows of assets or liabilities recognized or any future commitment or forecasted cash flow of the organization. Moreover, the net investment hedge in foreign currency is hedging the risks of an entitys net asset which is not an associate, joint venture or a subsidiary. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) Implication of this IAS bear upon all the us ers of financial statements and also the people who were trying to comply with the standard.The development of this standard and its implementation had significant impact on the strategies in dealing with financial risks. As the financial instruments have volatile affects on the equity portfolio and income statements these affects were then being countered by engaging in hedging strategies and transparent accounting policies. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) IAS 39 also provides organizations with the recognition criteria on how to record hedging instruments when entering into a transaction.After that at each period end gain and loss is recognized on an ongoing basis. So it has a forward looking stance at initiation but a backward bearing when re-assessment of investments effectiveness is carried out. The organizations needed to asses which process of reassessment would be right for their investment portfolio. A proper system was therefore required to record and reassess not only cash flows and fair values but also take into account the premiums and discounts involved.Moreover, IAS required the disclosure of all the investments and subsequent gains or loss arising due to it. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) The first revision of the IAS 39 took place in 2004 which incorporated Macro hedging, involving interest rates risks hedge. This amendment was made due to the increase use of these instruments and such investments were not addressed by IAS 39. Macro hedge is an investment technique to reduce or minimize the risks associated with the whole portfolio of investments (Peter Williams).This investments technique was widely spread because of the ease of information available about the interest rate and currency fluctuations between different countries. The macro managers earned by hedging the risks in different market by buying long and short in different markets of the globe. That increasing trend required the correct measurement and recognition of such in vestment which could only be linked with financial instruments dealt in IAS 39. (Hubpages, Inc. ) Further amendment took place on the issue of initial recognition of financial asset or liabilities and the subsequent charging of gain or loss.Initially all of such instruments were allowed to be measured on fair value if measured reliably. In 2005 the option to value instruments at fair value had been restricted to only those investments which had significantly reduced due to accounting mismatch along with those financial instruments whose fair values were regularly managed evaluated for its correctness. In addition IAS 39 stated before October 2008 that once an instrument is classified on the basis of fair value i. e through profit and loss category, it cannot be reclassified.Amendment in 2008 allowed some of the instruments to be reclassified from fair value and available for sale category under certain conditions and a disclosure is required in case of such a reclassification. More over it was stated that all the derivatives need to be reassessed in case of any reclassification an issue that was developed due to the global credit crunch, significantly affecting the financial market. (Delloitte Touche Tohmatsu) With all the problems and issues dealing with financial instruments IASB and FASB started working together on IFRS 9 to replace IAS 39.Its purpose is to reduce difficulty in accounting for financial instruments and hedging activities. This development took place in phases. Phase one tends to improve and simplify the measurement and classification of the financial instruments. Though this phase has been perfect but the exposure draft has been under plan to be issued and the implementation is to be completed in the current year. (International Accounting standard board) This new standard has raising concerns in the world in corporate sectors on how this will be implemented and how it will affect their operations.Many are happy for the mixed bag to take p lace as the IAS 39 is thought to be a difficult standard to implement. The replacement is a result of the worlds economic crises after which all the investors and the governors of financial institutions were demanding for an accounting system which showed the types of assets and liabilities held at a given time, the risks that they are exposed to and gain and losses expect to be realized. (IFRS 9 Deconstructing IAS 39) In 2008 when Lehman Brothers share price collapsed, the investors in turn rushed to purchase the share prices in anticipation of prices bouncing back.However they couldnt see the site of the banks exposure in financial instruments related to subprime loans as less information was disclosed for their understanding. Hence it was later suggested that accounting needs to be clearer which became evident upon the fall of many banks. IFRS 9 strived to cater and answer all these major issues in hand while giving organizations an option to adopt this standard before it beco mes mandatory in 2013. Only the first phase of the standard is completed and all the stakeholders are waiting to implement it upon finalization of IFRS 9 completion. IFRS 9 Deconstructing IAS 39) IFRS 9 looks to tackle all the current problems and questions probed by various investors but it cannot give a guarantee to prevent any crises in future. It is important that accountants, regulator and the investors remain vigilant because no matter how much IFRS 9 helps to simplify the accounting of financial reporting, when this economy starts its recovery phase no one can stop the development of new financial instruments eluding the situation like before.European Union refused to adopt IFRS 9 last year posing some questions relating to fair value of investments coverage. On the other hand Japan signed it for an early adoption in March 2010 which is a significant step toward promoting transparence in policies and implementation (IFRS 9 Deconstructing IAS 39). Hence it can be clearly see n that IASB and FASB have been working for the betterment of the society by incorporating the external changes in the market which can be reflected upon the replacement of IAS 39 with IFRS 9.

Bullying and Cyberbullying Essay

IntroductionEach day shoal pip-squeakren watch out valuable skills and lessons from their teachers as well as d 1 interactions with their peers. Although school, undoubtedly, is beneficial to Americas jejuneness, on that train ar most experiences, overmuch(prenominal) as hooding, that may negatively affect and stick with these children for the rest of their lives. Certain children find an outlet for their frustrations with bully others. In the past, these actions could be better controlled be create they were express to opposite interactions. However, in recent years, this age-old conflict has matched the pace of proficient evolutions, making it much dangerous and harder to contain. Cell phones, amicable media sites, chat rooms, and other forms of technology have allowed hector to expand into net. This new form of abuse is cognise as cyberbullying. The next research paper focuses on twain handed-d avouch bullying and cyberbullying. The paper provides back desi gn cultivation about(predicate) bullying, defines the line and where it is focused, looks at the clinical and legal looses that surround both forms of bullying, and discusses manageable hindrance programs.II. History of BullyingBullying, a definitionThe word bully can be traced back as far as the 1530s. (Harper, 2008). In its most radical sense bullying involves both commonwealth, a bully or intimidator and a victim. The bully abuses the victim through forcible, * Keywords bullying, cyber bullying, natural law, statistics, pr evetioAbstractBullying has been engrained in American society since the countrys founding. Bred from a capitalistic economy and competitive social hierarchy, bullying has remained a relevant comeback through the years. Technological bullying, known straight complete as cyberbullying, has allowed the problem to expand, become more elusive, and even harder to define. A thorough analysis of various case studies, statistical research, law cases, and n ews articles was conducted to understand the uncover of cyberbullying and to find preventative measures that should be collectn. This paper illuminates the background situation, current legal struggles, clinical implications, and potential preventative steps concerning bullying and cyberbullying alike.II. History of BullyingBullying, a definitionThe word bully can be traced back as far as the 1530s. (Harper, 2008). In its most basic sense bullying involves two people, a bully or intimidator and a victim. The bully abuses the victim through physical, * Keywords bullying, cyber bullying, law, statistics, prevention Email rdonegan 34 The Elon journal of Undergraduate search in communications Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 2012 verbal, or other means in order to gain a sense of superiority and power. These actions may be right away (i.e. hitting, verbally assaulting face-to-face, etc.) or indirect (i.e. rumors, gossip, etc.). Origins of bullyingThe desire to survive is instinctual and comm on among all living things. Survival is associated directly with competition collectible to the multitude of species and limited natural resources on the planet. Since the beginning of time there has been a constant drive to out-perform others and overcome obstacles. This survival instinct, along with a competitive atmosphere, has remained the same as the human race has evolved. Both of these forces have flowed over into the educational, social, and economic realms. This competitive hierarchy, though prevalent in most societies, varies across cultures depending on their ethical systems, traditions, and the type coiffureters case of control exerted by the government. Unfortunately, the U.S. capitalistic society inadvertently pushes the belief that success and wealth go hand in hand. This ideology has shaped a farming where bullying is unintentionally instilled as a survival tactic from a very young age.From the time an American child enters grade school, he or she is taught to be the best he or she can. This seemingly innocent lesson can morph as a child snap offs throughout his or her education. Students often learn corrupt ways to mother ahead in the highly competitive educational and social environments that grade school presents. These bullying tactics may allow pressuring others for answers on assignments to attain high grades, which plys toward better college opportunities, or spreading social rumors about fellow scholarly soulfulnesss. These tactics are dangerous because once a school-age child realizes their effectiveness, he or she may construct a life style from them. Developing a habitual use of bullying tactics can choose to negatively affecting a countless number of people as well as corruption in the workplace.Traditional bullying vs. cyberbullyingengineerings progression is often equated with the advancement of human societies. Pivotal innovations, such as the profit, have forever changed how people interact. Though these cookments h ave allowed the human race to have great strides in some fields, they have also allowed forms of transgression to become more rampant and widespread. This is evident when considering how tralatitious bullying has evolved into an issue immediately known as cyberbullying. While bullying and cyberbullying are often similar in terms of form and technique they also have umteen differences. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying allows the offender to mask his or her identity behind a computer. This anonymity makes it easier for the offender to strike blows against a victim without having to see the victims physical response. The distancing effect that technological devices have on todays youth often leads them to say and do crueler things compared to what is typical in a traditional face-to-face bullying situation.A technological evolutionAs technology has evolved, bullying has proliferated. With the advent of the Internet, chat rooms soon followed. Online forums provided a comm unal breeding ground for youth to assault one some other (Subrahmeveryam & Greenfield, 2008). Chat rooms were supplemented by AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), an online communication program that allowed teens to spend hours talking to one another in private, one-on-one conversations or in public chat rooms. The program further allowed youth to create group-specific chat rooms. This exclusive forum allowed for youth to get together with select groups of friends and talk about the latest gossip. Online innovations have fall outd payable to telecommunication advances. The advent of cell phones in the late 1960s and archean 1970s changed the way people communicated (Shiels, 2003).However, these portable communication devices did not become widespread, or make it into a majority of youths hands, until the appearance of the minute generation of digital network phones in the 1990s. After that, they spread like wildfire. According to a instruction conducted by the Pew Research Center, 75 % of 12-17 year-olds own cell phones, which outgrowthd from 45% in 2004 and one-in-three teens sends 3,000 text messages per month (Lenhart, 2010). Though many parents believe that they are purchasing a cell phone for their child for protective reasons, the opposite may be true as many youths admit to utilizing their phones as an instrument for cyberbullying.Further progress on the Internet brought about more and more websites and with this came the advent of social media. The site MySpace is often considered the pioneer of social media. MySpace allows individual users to create their own unique profiles and interact in cyberspace with friends and foes alikeBullying and Cyberbullying by Richard Donegan 35III. Status of cyberbullyingas when someone repeatedly makes fun of another person online or repeatedly picks onanother person through email or text message or when someone posts something online about another person that they dont like (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010c, p. 1).Victimizati onAccording to their results, cyberbullying development rates have varied in the past few years, ranging between 18.8 percentage in May 2007 and 28.7 percent in Nov. 2009 with a mean of 27.32 percent based on 7 different studies from May 2007-Feb. 2010. Cyberbullying offending rates have variedin a broader spectrum than victimization rates, ranging between 20.1 percent in June 2004 and 11.5 percent in Nov. 2009 with a mean of 16.76 percent based on 7 different studies from June 2004 to February 2010 (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010g, p. 1).Several specific types of victimization and cyberbullying were discovered through a survey taken in 2010. The survey discovered that the highest concentration of victimizations and cyberbullying offenses occurred in the following areas respectively mean or hurtful comments posted online (14.3%, 8.8%), rumors online (13.3%, 6.8%), threats through a cell phone text message (8.4%, 5.4%) (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010e, p. 1).Another important itemor that Hinduj a and Patchin brought to light was what type of technology a teen primarily uses. According to a 2010 aim, which asked teens what role technology compete in their daily lives, cell phones were used the most (83%), followed by the Internet for school work (50.8%), and then Facebook (50.1%) (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010h, p. 1). This points to cell phones and the Internet as the two primary mediums used for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying proved to vary by gender as well.Based on a 2010 study involving a haphazard try out of 2,212 teen males and 2,162 teen females, the male to female ratio varied the most in the following three areas victimization within a persons lifetime (16.6% for males vs. 25.1% for females), admitted to a cyberbullying offense within a persons lifetime (17.5% for males vs. 21.3% for females), and had a hurtful comment posted about oneself online (10.5% for males vs. 18.2% for females) (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010b, p. 1). This instruction may be biased due to the retic ence among males about admitting a past bullying experience. Nevertheless, it is interesting that females account a higher percentage in all categories. Bullying hierarchyAs with most competitive atmospheres, the social struggle among todays youth has an evident hierarchy. Bullying is a destiny of this hierarchy and has its own construction. According to Dr. Dan Olweus, there 36 The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in communication theory Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 2012 are cardinal different directs within the bullying ladder the students who want to bully and initiate the action, their followers or henchmen, supporters or passive bullies, passive supporters or possible bullies, disengaged onlookers, possible defenders, and defenders who dislike the action of bullying and help those that are victimized (Olweus, 2001). Dismantling the aggressive portion of this ladder and shifting students to a deterring mindset must(prenominal) be a fundamental part of any prevention prog ram.IV. Clinical Perspective/RepercussionsAt first, one may believe that the effects of bullying is limited to sign responses that tend to fade within a few days or a week, at most. However, research indicates that the harm inflicted by bullying, whether physical or psychological, has many implications and can result in a snowball effect of lasting painful emotions and negative impacts.Gender and bullyingThough many students tend to refuse the steamy harm caused by bullying tactics such as namecalling, rumor spreading, and teasing, research suggests the opposite. In a study that utilized a sample of over 3,000 students, researchers found that 38 percent of bully victims felt vengeful, 37 percent were angry and 24 percent felt helpless. Furthermore, in a study conducted by the Cyberbullying Research Center involving a sample size of 468 students revealed that females are typically more steamyly affected by cyberbullying than males. The females in the study reported being frustrat ed (39.6%), angry (36%), and sad (25.2%) more often than males who reported lower percentages in each category (27.5%, 24.3%, 17.9% respectively). This is not surprising due to the fact, as mentioned earlier, that males have a reluctance to admit weaknesses especially from an emotional standpoint. In pragmatism, one would expect males to be at least equal if not higher in emotional response concerning anger and frustration. (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009c, p.1).Age and bullyingIn another study conducted by the Cyberbullying Research Center, the emotional repercussions of cyberbullying across age groups were observed. The study discovered that anger and frustration remain the dominant responses among senior and junior high students, but students at the elementary level are more promising to feel sad as a result of being bullied (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009c, p.1). This is likely because at a younger age children are not battling with the same material body of competitive social hierarchy ty pically found within upper level schools. So, rather than feeling the need to prove themselves among their peers, students at the elementary level tend to well-up within the initial emotional responses to bullying. This points to the idea that younger children may keep their initial emotional responses to themselves rather than acting out.Unfortunately, regardless of the initial emotional reaction to bullying, these emotions have the ability to continue to develop, with practiced clinical implications. A 2003 intensive survey study, which focused on the clinical effects of cyberbullying, reported an increase in emotional distress specifically related to cyberbullying. The study involving 512 professionals coming from psychology, psychiatry and social work backgrounds reported that for one-third (34%) of these youth, the Internet problem played a primary role in the clients treatment (Mitchell, Finelhot & Becker-Blease, 2007, p. 48). This evidence proves that cyberbullying is having noticeable clinical effects on todays youth.In his General Strain Theory, sociologist Robert Agnew hypothesized that the strain and stress exerted on an individual as a result of bullying can manifest itself in problematic emotions that lead to deviant behavior, possibly leading to delinquency (Agnew, 2006, pp. 659-660). This theory stresses the vicious cycle that many teens may go through while being victimized. The cyclical repercussions of this movement are particularly alarming if it leads a victim to antisocial behaviors when they try to find an outlet for their emotions. In 2001, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency taproom reported that 60 percent of males who were bullies in grades 6 through 9 were convicted of at least one crime as adults, compared with 23 percent who did not bully 35 to 40 percent of these former bullies had three or more convictions by the age of 24, compared with 10 percent of those who did not bully (Ericson, 2001).Offenders are likely to u tilize bullying tactics as an outlet for other insecurities or problems in their lives. This utilization of bullying as a coping implement contributes to the cyclical nature that the process evidently has on victims and offenders Bullying and Cyberbullying by Richard Donegan 37 alike. Not only do these flawed coping mechanisms fail to unfreeze the emotional distress caused by bullying, they also expand the overall problem of deviant behavior. This inability for bullied victims and offenders to find adequate relief for emotional wounds, coupled with the fact that youth are unlikely to seek relief though a mentor, explains why some youth begin to feel helpless. Feeling lost in emotional distress with seemingly no way for relief allows suicidal or even thoughts of violent response to creep in to a youths consciousness (Ericson, 2001).So, what does this all mean? Research confirms that both bully victims as well as offenders are emotionally harmed by the act of cyberbullying. In a fa ct sheet produced by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, loneliness, humiliation, and insecurity were each reported as further manifestations of the initial emotional responses to the bullying process. These feelings have the potential to cause students to fear going to school. This constant instability makes it difficult for bully victims to adjust socially and emotionally, focus on their studies, and develop in a healthy mental fashion. These responses can lead to more serious clinical implications, such as depression, which can continue to develop into even worse problems (Ericson, 2001, pp. 1-2).The extreme consequences of bullying are suicidal thoughts or thoughts of violent revenge. According to a National Vital Statistics Report, felo-de-se is the 3rd leading cause of death among youth ranging in age from 15 to 24 (Anderson & Smith, 2003). Furthermore, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported self-coloured increases in both homicide a nd suicide rates among males from 2000 to 2003 (Fraizer, 2005). This statistic becomes chillingly relevant as more information is uncovered concerning the link between cyberbullying and suicidal ideation or action. According to Rigby and Slee, Youth who are bullied or who bully others, are at an elevated risk for suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completed suicides (Rigby & Slee, 1999, p. 119). Statistically both victims of cyberbullying as well as offenders proved to be much more likely to have attempted bullycide, the act of committing suicide due to the effects of bullying, than youth who had not been affected (High, 2007).Online publication of personal information is dangerous because it allows many people to see a side of a person more often kept private in a face-to-face interaction. This vulnerability puts many teens in a position as either the victim or active offender par victorious in cyberbullying actions. Another aspect of social media that can be misleading and hazardous is the ability to create alias profiles. The ability for teens to mask their identities provides them with an opportunity to say anything to another individual without the worry of any repercussions.Social media sites, such as Facebook and Google+, are prone to abuses like cyberbullying. Anonymous blogging is another technological advancement that has fostered cyberbullying activity and fueled ethical debate. On sites, such as College ACB and blue Campus, which have both recently faced tightened regulations due to their verbally abusive nature, youth (typically of college age) were able to login and comment anonymously in an open forum. The forum include harsh topics ranging from Most Attractive to Worst Hookup. The sites even included certain topic headings that were simply a persons name under which people could post insulting comments. These blogging sites are illustrative of the most dramatic forms of cyberbullying thus far.V. Case Law and LegislationAlthough all of the eviden ce illustrates the effects of cyberbullying on todays youth, lawmakers at both the state and federal levels continue to wrestle with the issue. Unfortunately, it has taken a number of cases to force lawmakers to come to terms with the harsh reality of the situation and attempt to mold laws to deal with such issues. The infringement on students 1st Amendment rights is what originally sparked heated controversies concerning schools limiting what students could do or say on or off school grounds.Throughout history, the United States has been shaped by the publics right to freely express their opinions. Inevitably, when a case arises attempting to limit these rights, the plaintiffs side is often hard to argue due to such a strong tradition. Without limiting constitutional rights, lawmakers must grapple with the difficult task of defining cyberbullying, as well as determining proper sanctions for committing the act. Because of this, many cases dealing with freedom of speech on and off sc hool grounds have worked their way up to the United States Supreme judicatory in the past.Federal lawOne of the earliest cases that dealt with this issue on a public school campus was Tinker vs. Des Moines in 1969 (Tedford & Herbeck, 2009, pp. 1-4). In this case, three high school students arrived on campus wearing black armbands, symbolically protesting the Vietnam War. The schools administration told the students that they must remove the armbands, and if they refused to do so they would be suspended. The students refused and were sent home. They took the case to court, arguing that their 1st Amendment rights had been violated by the school. The case in the end made it to the United States Supreme Court. The court ruled that any school preventing the expression of opinion must prove that the prohibition was enforced to avoid substantial interference with school discipline or the rights of others (Hinduja & Patchin, 2011, p. 2). Because the school was unable to prove either of th ese factors, the suspensions were considered unconstitutional and the court ruled in favor of the students. This case set the first guidelines for what forms of expression public schools could and could not limit. As time has continued and technology has progressed, this issue has expanded to whether or not schools can interfere with students actions off-campus.J.S. v. Bethlehem Area give instruction (2000) involved a student who was expelled from school for creating 38 The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 2012 a page on the Internet that included threatening and derogatory comments about members of the administration. The court ruled that the school was justified in taking action due to its ability to prove that the public information fostered an evident disruption of the school environment. In its closing statements, the U.S. Supreme Court stated the following Regrettably, in this day and age where school violence is becoming more c ommonplace, school officials are justified in taking very seriously threats against module and other students (Herbeck, 2010). Such schoolyard violence had reached this level at Columbine High School in 1999.Through this and more recent cases, the federal government has be the requirements for offcampus behavior, such as cyberbullying, to be regulated by the school. For a school to take action, there must be a clear disruption to the educational process or a representation of true threat. To assure whether or not an expression is representative of a true threat, the court must determine whether a reasonable person in the speakers position would foresee that the statement would be interpreted by those to whom the maker communicates the statement as a serious expression of intent to harm or assault (Herbeck, 2010). The idea of public schools limiting students speech off campus is highly relevant as cyberbullying becomes a more recognized problem nationally. School administrations an d communities must take past cases into account as well as current legal definitions of what constitutes a disruption of the educational process or a true threat when developing an effective preventative program.State levelSimilar to speech and bedevilment laws at the federal level, individual states continue to wrestle with defining the problem and what legal actions to take when a violation occurs. Unfortunately, it took a number of high-profile cases, and even some suicides, to bring the issue to the attention of many states courts and legislatures. One such case revolved around an incident in Missouri during 2006. This case, schematicly known as United States vs. Lori Drew, involved Drew and her daughter creating a false MySpace account under the alias name Josh. The defendants used the account to become friends with the victim, 13-year-old Megan Meier, whom Drews daughter attended school with. After becoming friends with Meier, Drew and her daughter started sending hateful co mments to her. Meier took these comments to heart and committed suicide.The Missouri district court mulish that they could not hold Drew directly accountable for the agony leading to Meiers death due to extraneous circumstances and lack of legal encompassment. However, due to public outcry, federal prosecutors took charge by applying the Computer Fraud and Abuse act to the case. This act is typically used to prosecute electronic theft, but in this instance was used to apply the Myspace terms of service. The terms require users to abide by a host of regulations, which required truthful and accurate registration, refraining from using information from MySpace to harass others and refraining from promoting false or misleading information (Unites states of America v. Lori Drew, 2009). Based on MySpaces terms of service, the jury found Drew guilty of one felony count for conspiracy and three misdemeanors counts for unauthorized computer use.This case caused Missouri to modify its state harassment law to encompass acts of cyberbullying like the Lori Drew case. The law now prohibits any electronic communication that knowingly frightens, intimidates, or causes emotional distress (Henderson, 2009).VI. PreventionAs cyberbullying draws more attention, a universal definition has begun to take shape within the law. Though not acknowledged across all states, a common definition in congruence with a wider recognition of the problem makes addressing the elusive issue a bit easier. The problem is that technology will inevitably continue to advance. So, as technology progresses, local and national anti-bullying policies and laws must continue to evolve at a parallel rate. Many of the issues faced by federal and state governments concerning cyberbullying are avoidable for schools and communities at the local level through the implementation of procedures to limit the effects of cyberbullying.Recognition of the problemOne of the most notable issues that need to be addressed is recognition of the problem itself. Many people, whether parents, teachers, or even law enforcement officers, do not know what their specific state Bullying and Cyberbullying by Richard Donegan 39 laws are in regards to cyberbullying. In a formal survey of approximately 1,000 officers, over 85 percent . . . said that cyberbullying was a serious concern that warrants the response of law enforcement. 90 percent of the schools resource officers had dealt with a cyberbullying case sometimes or often. Despite this obvious concern, 25 percent of the school resource officers and over 40 percent of the traditional law enforcement officers did not know if their state had a law specific to cyberbullying (Patchin, 2011). These statistics are alarming considering that the number of states without some kind of bullying or harassment specific law can be counted on one hand (HI,MI,MT,SD) and the number of states with cyberbullying specific laws are increasing.Every person that deals with children (i.e. education, parenting, law enforcement, etc.) should know the bullying or harassment law specific to his or her state, the physical and emotional signs of bullying, and his or her community or school prevention plan, including how to deal with and report a problem. Along with recognizing the problem and being able to identify solutions, it is vital that cyberbullying be addressed in a logical way. To effectively put a rule on the problem will require a concerted and coordinated effort a partnership if you will among our families, schools, youth organizations, and communities (Morino, 1997).If American communities and schools address the issue with a clear preventative program that keeps each level of prohibition on the same page, children will in turn receive a consistent message from a young age, which will presumably resonate effectively. This message should cause children to feel comfortable with confronting and account the problem by portraying any form of bullying as unacceptable. Furthermore, this consistency across a given program will change the overall environment rather than just focusing on individual cases. According to Dorothy Espelage and Susan Swearers book Bullying in American Schools, A comprehensive program . . . is generally more powerful in reducing bullying and increasing school safety than concentrating on individual students (Espelage & Swearer, 2009).Potential SolutionsCredited with initiating the first systematic bullying research in the primaeval 1970s, Dr. Dan Olweus is primarily known for his bullying prevention programs. The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, enacted by Norways Ministry of Education, develops methods of dealing with bullying on a variety of levels including school-level components, individual-level components, classroom-level components, and community-level components. This all-encompassing structure creates a cohesive plan in which each level reinforces the next. Since its creation, the Olweus Bullyin g Prevention Program has been adopted in schools across the world. According to a serial of evaluations involving 40,000 students from 42 schools over a two and a half year period, the program proved to be successful. The studies verified the programs success by reporting reductions by 20 to 70 percent in student reports of being bullied and bullying others, reductions in student reports of antisocial behavior, such as vandalism, fighting, theft, and truancy and clear improvements in the classroom social climate (Olweus, 2005, pp. 389-402).A mixed-methods research design carried out in Nevada, in which 118 middle school principals were surveyed about cyberbullying, identify components of a successful preventative program. Of those surveyed, 66 responded and 10 agreed to participate in a one-on-one interview. From these ten, three were selected and questioned intensively about cyberbullying and preventative strategies within their school as well as about their thoughts on the issue in general. Based on the interview results, the following six components were identified as essential elements to a preventative cyberbullying program the importance of a reporting procedure curriculum integration student-centered productions through mediums such as Broadcast news media a focus on prevention rather than solely on punishment the importance of punishment as a part of an effective insurance policy and keeping up with changes in technology (Wiseman, 2011).VII. ConclusionBullying is deeply engrained in American culture. Our society illustrates the pinnacle of capitalistic competition. This win-or-die-trying atmosphere, the competitive college acceptance process, and much of the corporate world, contribute to many of the bullying problems that we battle today. The issues of bullying and cyberbullying can only be contained in the short term and not eliminated completely due to how deep-seeded they have become in our competitive society.The clinical repercussions that bu llying and cyberbullying have on todays youth present the most 40 The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 2012 troubling issue at hand. The permanent mental effects are what both the law and prevention programs are striving to eliminate. The fact that these initial emotional responses to bullying in any form have been proven to escalate to the point of suicidal thoughts and violent response is the primary reason for why this issue has become a matter of pressing public concern. The thought of children getting so caught up in the psychological battery of bullying that they commit suicide is extremely troubling, an issue that must be dealt with. Though the legislative and judicial branches at both the state and federal levels are having a difficult time adapting laws to encompass cyberbullying as technology advances, there is assurance in the fact that the issue is a pressing concern.However, it is unsettling that it takes drastic cases suc h as United States vs. Lori Drew to bring about a direct change in law. Ideally, laws will develop in correspondence with technology to help define the problem itself and fall in appropriate judicial repercussions. As more is learned about the reasons behind bullying and the specific tactics utilized, prevention programs are becoming increasingly more effective. As discussed previously, a successful program needs to clearly identify the problem, establish recognition, and formulate consistent ways of dealing with the issue across all platforms. The biggest struggle for cyberbullying prevention in the future is matching the fast pace of technological innovation with effective preventative techniquesAcknowledgmentsI am thankful to Dr. Michael Frontani for his support and guidance during the writing process of this research paper. His wisdom and encouragement acted as the catalyst, which cloud me to really dive into the subject.BibliographyAgnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime an ov erview of general strain theory. sunrise(prenominal) York Oxford University Press.Espelage, D., &. Swearer, S (2009). Bullying in American schools a social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Retrieved fromBerkeley Technology Law Journal, 24(1), 659-660. Ericson, N. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Program. (2001). Addressing the problem of juvenile bullying (FS-200127). Retrieved from https//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ ojjdp/fs200127.pdfFrazier, L. (2005). Homicide and suicide rates national violent death reporting system, six states, 2003. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ preview/mmwrhtml/mm5415a1.htmHarper, D. (2008, October 10). Online etymology dictionary. Retrieved from http//www.etymonline.com/index. php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=bully&searchmode=none Henderson, A. (2009). High-tech words do hurt A modern makeover expands Missouris harassment to include electroni c communications. (Masters thesis, University of Missouri)Retrieved from http//law. missouri.edu/lawreview/docs/74-2/Henderson.pdfHerbeck, D. (2010). J.S. v. Bethlehem area school district. Informally published manuscript, Department of Communication, Boston College, Boston, MA. Retrieved from https//www2.bc.edu/herbeck/cyberlaw.bethlehem.html High, B. (2007). Bullycide. Washington JBS Publishing.Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2009a). Cyberbullying a brief review of relevant legal and policy issues. Cyberbullying Research Center. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2009b). Cyberbullying cyberbullying and suicide. Cyberbullying Research Center.Bullying and Cyberbullying by Richard Donegan 41 Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2009c). Cyberbullying emotional and psychological consequences. Cyberbullying Research Center. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010a). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14 (3).Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010b). Cyberbullying by gende r. Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved from Cyberbullying Research Center Websitehttp//www.cyberbullying.us/2010_charts/cyberbullying_gender_2010.jpg Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010c). Cyberbullying identification, prevention, and response. Cyberbullying Research Center.Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010d). Cyberbullying offending. Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved from Cyberbullying Research Center Website http//www.cyberbullying.us/2010_charts/cyberbullying_offender_2010.jpg Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010e). Cyberbullying victimization. Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved from Cyberbullying Research Center Website http//www.cyberbullying.us/2010_charts/cyberbullying_victim_2010.jpg Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010f). sustenancetime cyberbullying offending rates. Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved from Cyberbullying Research Center Website http//www.cyberbullying.us/2010_charts/ cyberbullying_offending_meta_chart.jpgHinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010g). Lifetime cyberbullying victimization rates. Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved from Cyberbullying Research Center Website http//www.cyberbullying.us/2010_charts/ cyberbullying_victimization_meta_chart.jpgHinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010h). Teens use of technology. Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved from Cyberbullying Research Center Website http//www.cyberbullying.us/2010_charts/teen_tech_ use_2010.jpgHinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2011). Cyberbullying A review of the legal issues facing educators. Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 71-78. Lenhart, A. (2010). Teens, cell phones, and texting. Pew Internet & American Life Project, Retrieved from http//pewresearch.org/pubs/1572/teens-cell-phones-text-messages Mario, M. (1997, March). Impact of technology on youth in the 21st century. news report presented at The Childrens Defense Fund Impact of technology on youth ofthe 21st century. Retrieved from http//www. morino. org/pdf/cdf.pdfMitchell, K., Finkelhor, D., & Becker-Blease, K. (2007). Linking youth Internet and conventional problems findings from a clinical perspective. Crimes Against Children Research, 15(2), 39-58. Olweus, D. (2005). A useful evaluation design and effects of the Olweus bullying prevention program. Psychology, Crime & Law, 389-402. Olweus, D. (2001). Peer harassment a critical analysis and some important issues. (pp. 3-20). New York Guilford Publications. Retrieved from http//www.olweus.org/public/bullying.page Patchin, J. (2011, September 28). Law enforcement perspectives on cyberbullying Web log message. Retrieved from http//cyberbullying.us/blog/law-enforcement-perspectives-on-cyberbullying.html Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1999). Suicidal ideation among adolescent school children, involvement in bully-victim problems, and perceived social support. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 29(2), 119-130. Shiels, M. (2003, April 21). A chat with the man behind mobiles. BBC News . Retrieved from http//news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2963619.stmSubrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. (2008). Online communication and adolescent relationships. 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Acquiring Knowledge Essay

Knowledge means power the whole founding craves for intimacy, to hunch forward things, to understand, to commit accurate calculations and to make wise decisions. But philosophers since ancient times struggle with the question regarding how experience is acquired. Is it through the physical senses of touch, smell, hearing, seeing, and taste? Is it through reason alone? Three cracking philosophers tackled this question, they are Descartes, Locke, and Kant and all three of them presented three different hu universesnerologies when it comes to acquiring companionship. The pursuit is serious and intense that a whole body of knowledge is dedicated to determination out the answers. It is called epistemology and these three philosophers give serve as guides in the quest to know the truth about knowledge.Descartes Rene Descartes is said to be the father of modern philosophy. He attempted to break with the philosophical traditions of his day by rejecting the Aristotelian philosoph y of the schools which is the authority of tradition and the authority of the senses (Craig, 1998). He developed a methodology on how to investigate nature by reducing complex problems to simpler ones and then analyzed further using direct intuition (Craig, 1998). Therefore, his main argument is that by pure thinking one can dis coating solutions to problems. Interestingly Descartes had to die to his old beliefs and everything that he considered truth in order for him to determine once and for all that indeed in that respect is a way to discover truth by mere drop of intuition and not the reliance of the senses and traditions handed down from one times to the next. His source guinea pig was himself, he had to doubt his existence to know the truth, and not simply believe that he exist because society tells him that he does exist. He had what inventors and scientists called a eureka moment or a moment of great insight, when he finally blurted out Ego cogito, ergo sum a averment in Latin famously translated as I think, therefore I am (Broughton, 2008). This was the breakthrough that he was looking for and he used it as a foundation from where he would build upon his theory of knowledge acquisition. Descartes idea is cutting edge at that time. He was one of the first to establish the principle of gaining knowledge and studying things that are beyond the capabilities of the vanadium senses. There are many aspects of mathematics that can be ascertained not by using the pentad senses but by the mere act of intuition. Intuitively man has the ability to know the truth this is the main argument of Descartes. This is strengthened by the concept of anterior knowledge. A good drill is the ability of a baby to suck from the mothers breast the much needed nutrients for survival. A baby is intimately blind from birth and yet equal to perform such actions.LockeThe ability to use the sense of sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste is one major path in gaining know ledge (Hartnack, 2001). It is in fact the ancient way of knowing the environment and the complexities of human interaction such as language and relationships. John Locke is one of the major proponents for this method of knowledge acquisition that man has the capability of understanding the cosmea around him by observing and utilizing the power of the five senses to harness information. Thus, it can be argued that man can only observe the man through his senses. In this model knowledge is true when it can be measured and observed through the senses.This is likewise known as empiricism. The significance of this method can be seen in scientific applications of the use of observation and careful measurements. Scientists, sociologists, and even philosophers from all over the world use this technique and it can even be argued that most people use empiricism without even thinking about it. It is just natural for man to use his senses to understand his environment and the stimulus that he receives every waking moment.Immanuel Kant Kant is a central figure in modern philosophy because he was able to synthesize early modern rationalism and empiricism (Rholf, 2010). But this does not mean that Kant was completely successful in reconciling Descartes and Lockes views concerning the acquisition of knowledge. Kants critics even asserted that he had made it more complicated and therefore making it harder to determine the complete methodology that can assistance humans chieftain the ability to acquire knowledge. Nevertheless, Kants major contribution can be summed up in two statements 1) human beings experience only appearances, not things in themselves and 2) space and time are noting other than the subjective forms of human sensible intuition (Rohlf, 2010). This is an important conclusion because there are things that empiricism and rationalism cannot cover but can only be ascertain if there is complete understanding of everything this is knowledge gained after using other peoples insights and breakthroughs. For event ancient people see the sun orbiting around the earth, rationalism and empiricism will not refute that claim until there is already a capability to improve on that knowledge and modify it because now people know more about the movement of heavenly objects.Comparison Descartes did not agree that there can only be one method when it comes to knowledge acquisition. The use of the five senses is not enough to know the truth. There are things in this world that can only be understood by accepting the existence of prior knowledge and the use of intuition. There are mathematical equations that proved helpful in improving mans existence but the steps in developing these mathematical equations was not derived by simply observing the world trough the fives senses. These came forth as a result of institution, simply because mathematical truths belong to an abstract world inaccessible by sense of smell, hearing, taste, touch, and sight. In t he privacy of thought, a person can apply these mathematical equations and gain knowledge. Another weakness of using the five senses is that it is very subjective. Kant already pointed this out by stating that the five senses cannot be reliable all the time. For usage the refraction of light creates optical illusions. The eye communicates to the self and says that the spoon appears to be bent. But the spoon was only comprehend to be deformed because of the effect of the action of light when it passes through water. Another problematic aspect of relying on the five senses is its unreliability when human beings are subjected to irate conditions. For example, a hiker lost in a desert will succumb to the effects of dehydration and begins to see mirage and other images that seem to be actual but are not.Even with the obvious weaknesses of the empirical method of acquiring knowledge, it must also be pointed out that the five senses are indispensable tools when it comes to knowledge a cquisition. No matter how subjective the five senses may seem to be it must be acknowledge that human beings can live within a community because people understand each others languages and respect the rules laid down by the leaders or the elders. This would have been impossible without the use of the five senses.Moreover, the aforementioned weakness of the empirical method can be easily corrected using a third-party that will help verify the information. For example a person hallucinating in the middle of a desert can be rescued by paramedics. And the perfectly healthy rescuers can help the disorientated person to gain his or her bearing. If two people disagree with regards to the exact height of the Statue of Liberty, they need not quarrel, they only need to ask an unbiased role player to measure the statue for them and settle their dispute. Thus, empiricism has only one valid weakness and it is the inability of man to know more than he should and therefore making conclusions with out first knowing the big picture or having a complete understanding of the scientific law that governs a particular phenomenon. In this regard Kants ideas will be of great help.Conclusion Descartes view that there is indeed prior knowledge is an important first step in knowledge acquisition. The world is so complex and at the same time working like a well-oiled machine. However, it is not enough to simply say that knowledge can be gained by mere intuition. One has to agree with Locke that the five senses are indispensable tools when it comes to understanding the world. There is a need to observe and to measure in order to know the truth. But even so there are limitations so that it is important to take into consideration what Kant said regarding the inability of the mind to make sense of everything. For example the movement of the earth and sun could never be completely understood by mere intuition or observation alone. There is no perfect methodology in epistemology there is a nee d to use each method to know the truth.ReferencesBroughton, J. (2008). Self-Knowledge. A Companion to Descartes. MA Blackwell Publishing.Craig, E. (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York Routledge.Cicovacki, P. (2002). in the midst of Truth and Illusion Kant at the Crossroads of Modernity.Maryland Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Hartnack, J. (2001). Kants Theory of Knowledge Introduction to Critique of Pure Reason. IN Hacket Publishing, 2001.Rohlf, M. (2010). Immanuel Kant. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accesed 27July 2010. Avaiable from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/TraIde

Air Asia Company Analysis

Accounting & Finance TP 023513 UC1F1007BMP (AF) Utari Asmelia Introduction of Management 08 Fall AirAsia bon ton Analysis Background of AirAsia Company Dato Tony Fernandez was the entrepreneur that brought up AirAsia to be the whiz of the award wining the largest low f be skyways that is currently well known for now in Asia. Since then it has been flying to oer 61 domestic and internationalist destination with 108 thoroughf atomic number 18s, and furthermore it operates over 400 flights daily from hubs that are basically located in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.Today if we look at their progress, AirAsia has flows over 55million guests across the region and continues to score more extensive r awaye network through its associate companies. The friendship AirAsia furthermore belives in the no-frills, hassle-free, low fare headache excogitation and feels that keeping be low requires a specific element of high efficiency in every oart of their lineage. So, as we know, throug h the corporate philosophy which stands that Now Everyone Can flee.AirAsia Berhad is a Asias aeroplane largest low-fare, no frills air passage and a pionner of low woo travel in Asia. AirAsia group operates scheduled domestic and international flights to over 400 destinations already spanning 25 countries. Its main hub is the Low-Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Its affilate airlines Thai AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia respectively. AirAsia won the Skytrax Worlds best cheap airline award in 2009 and 2010. It has the worlds lowest operating costs at $0. 35/seat-kilometre in 2010. It is also the first airline in the region to implement fully ticketless air travel system. THE HISTORY OF AIRASIA CO. AirAsia was established in 1993 and commenced operations on 18 November 1996. It was originally founded by a government-owned garner DRB-Hincom. On 2 December 2001, the heabily-indebted airline was purchased by former Time Warner executive Tony Fernande ss company Tune Air Sdn Bhd for the token sum of one ringgit. This was after great deliberation was the initial takeer was fifty sen.Fernandes proceeded to engineer a remarkable turnaround, turning do good in 2002 and launching new routes from its hub in Kuala Lumpur International Airport at breakneck speed, undercutting former monopoly operator Malaysia Airlines with promotional fares as low as RM 1 (US$0. 27). MEGA ENVIRONMENT i) International Elements Based on the history of these company, on August 2006, Airasia took over Malaysia Airliness Rural Air Service routes in Sabah and Sarawak, operating under the FlyAsianXpress brand, the routes were subsequently returned back to MASwings a social class later citing commercial discernments.AirAsias CEO Tony Fernandes subsequently unveiled a five-year plan to further enhance its presence in Asia. Today, AirAsia has strengthen and enhance its route network by connecting all the existing cities in the region and expanding further into Indochina, Indonesia, Southern China (Kun Ming), Xiamen, Shenzen) and India. The airline focuse on developing its hubs in capital of Thailand and Jakarta through its sister companies, Thai AirAsia and Indonesia Airasia. Hence, with increase frequency and addition of new routes, AirAsia expects passenger volume to hit 18 million by end-2007.Now, AirAsia has more or less path moods and more wide network. For demography sectors, AirAsia has more than 558 million inhabitants (ASEAN countries) and over 3 billions with China and India. ii) Economic Elements AirAsia Economic Analysis A lucky example of a Malaysian no frills airline is AirAsia. Revolutionized and Reinvented by Tony Fernandez in 2001, want I told before it is based on the low-cost, no-frills model of the US carrier Southwest. The concept of AirAsia is based on the belief that demands for short-haul air transport is price flexible.That means, if prices for flights are being condensed, more mickle will fly. Traditionally , airline concepts are based on the assumption that airline traffic grows in line with the economy and that cutting prices will only if lead to a decrease in revenues. With the introduction of the no frills concept to the Malaysian market, AirAsia has proven this theory wrong and goes from strength to strength by actually increasing the size of the market and more recently by taking away passengers from the major airline competitors.With its expending strategy as objectives to reach excellent standard around the world, marketing in Asia has been the key imposter to achieve success. AirAsia is one of the business that have successfully adopted cost leadership through operational effectiveness and efficiency. The cost advantages have enabled AirAsia to get under ones skin the Asias leading low fare airline. AirAsia has successfully positioned itself in customers mind. Its net profit for the second quarter ending 31 December 2004 was describe RM 44. 4 million, a 323% increase over the previous quarter.AirAsia until today has flown more than 55 million passengers in and around Asia. AirAsia has also ventured into other market that complemets with the airlines business. It has started franchises like the tunes hotels and red box couriers to gain maximum efficiency in and around the airline business. Theres economic aspects which AirAsia did * AirAsia holds 49% of Thai AirAsia with 1% held by a Thai individual. The remaining 50% is held by Shin Corp. , owned by the former Thailand prime minster, Thaksin Shinawatra. Shin Corp. as financial strength, synergy in information technology and telecomunications, which support AirAsia Internet and mobile visit bookings. * National Trends Malaysias economy may expand as little as 4 per centum in 2009, growth will probably be between 5 per centum and 5. 5 percent this year, below the official 2008 forecast of 5. 7 percent. * Real GDP % Growth forecast is from 5. 1 in 2008 to 1. 4 in 2009. * The inflation rate may fall below 4 percent before the second half of 2009 * Unemployment has remained constant at an average of 3. 6% in July 2008 to 3. 1% in Oct. 2008.However, the global credit crisis has raised fears that the unemployment rate could duple to 6 per cent by 2010 if global demand remains weak * International trends * Malaysia ranks 20th for its ease of doing business out if a total of 181 economies surveyed in the World Bank Doing Business 2009 report. * International global credit crisis has resulted in increasing unemployment and global trade will shrink by 9 percent this year * Asian governments are defending less national-flag carriers in order to revitalize under used airports and increase tourism spending. ii) Technological element AirAsia Company has also used technological sectors to improve their quality work and give best services for all customers. If we washbasinful look at advertising side, AirAsia used information technology to make customers easy find the flight they wants. AirAsia has also used Online-Booking System to buy or just booking for flights. It has good way promotion and offers with the low-price surely, some information we can accessed as soon. All the things we need, we just can booking first such as foods and drinks, also available on during our flight.With this strategic move, AirAsia is able to focus on the factors that actually bring value to customer, such as point-to-point travel system, easy reservation system, and etc. This will supporter AIrAsia, reduce the cost and at the comparable time, increase the value for customers Value Innovation. It has synergy in information technology and telecommunications, which support AirAsia Internet and mobile phone bookings. ShinCorp. allows subscribers of the Shin mobile phone flagship, Advanced Information Service, being able toreserve tickets through its short-messaging service (SMS).In aeroplane cabinet, AirAsia was used Airbuss, Boeing, ATR and others sizeable for flight. Technological a spect specifics are * Ticket-less travel and e-tickets have lowered distribution costs. * AirAsia has the youngest fleet in Asia with the new Airbus A330-300 allowing state-of-the-art technology and high fuel efficiency. * Information and communications technology (ICT) has allowed AirAsia to reduce operating costs and provide fast, efficient service in areas including check flight schedules, book seats, electronic check-in, and pre-order meals. New low cost terminal to be opened in Labu, Malaysia by 2011 will incorporate modern technology, more shops and be privately owned, resulting inn lower airport taxes and fares and reduced government bureaucracy. iv) sociocultural element AirAsia Company creating and developing a social culture takes time and effort and a new motive driven company such as AirAsia has to develop me method on how to connect with the societys lifestyle , demographics, and media. For lifestyle sectors, AirAsia Company has a magazine, we can took at the flight, a nd their company.If we look at massive views, at that places another socialize point. They are as * Demographics * Ethnic Malay50. 4% Chinese23. 7% Indigenous11% Indian7. 1% Others7. 8% * Religions Muslim60. 4% Buddhist19. 2% Christian 9. 1% Hindu 6. 3% Other traditional Chinese 2. 6% Unknown 1. 5% None 0. 8% * LanguagesBahasa Malaysia (Official), English, Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai. * Air Asia operates in SE Asia with some(prenominal) countries and languages. SE Asian countries have diverse cultures and religions troubles continue particularly on the Thai-Malaysian border and Indonesia. * Individualism is less common than cooperation in Asian business values. * bridal of laws and rules can vary many Indonesians, for example, rarely abide to baggage allowance rules and these rules are seldom enforced due to corruption and indolence. * Urbanization 7 out of the top 10 most populated cities in the world (14 million) are predicted to be in Asia by 2015, according to the UN. Over 80% of AirAsias tickets are sold on-line thus, eliminating travel agent fees.V) Political elements Political Analysis mainly states about the aviation acts and regulation which needed by aviation company such as AirAsia to operate their business. The political arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses and the spending power of consumers and other businesses. Political stability is secondary to create a safe economy market that enables the market to grow. Political issues may cause problems in the outcome of the company. Some of the political factors that may be active a company are events that affect the operation of the company therefore regarding an aviation company.It has happens as Air Asia. Air Asia political events will affect the results as well. Political aspects include some points by AirAsia Company. They are * Political uncertainty in Malaysia with Prime Minister Abdullah Bad awi set to step down in evidence 2009. * Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak is expected to take over the ruling-coalition party, but with a cloud of allegations. * Political unrest in Thailand recently when anti-government protesters recently stop flights for a week at Bangkoks main airports. * ASEAN nations have been pushing Indonesia to scrap its Rp. million Fiscal charge to all Indonesian citizens and expatriates when leaving the Republic of Indonesia either for business, education or tourism. * Resurgence of violence in Southern Thailand Northern Malaysian border. * Malaysia granted exploration rights in oil-rich waters off the coast of Borneo increased tensions with Indonesia. * Terrorism has occurred in Thailand and Indonesia, most notably the Bali bomb of 2002. A. WHY AIRASIA NEED TO CONSIDER A STRATEGY MANAGEMENT? The first reason is because the airline industry is a unique and complex industry.Based on the statement, the complexity and unique of the airline industry, Air Asia need to come out with the greatest strategy to debate with their rival in the same industry. Without the right strategic management, its executable AirAsia could not be able be postulate with the complex business environment the airline industry. Furthermore, the second reason why AirAsia need to consider a strategic management because in a company nowadays, general management which the process of achieving organisational goals by engaging in the four major functions. There are * Planning * Organizing Leading * Controling It may not sufficient and supportive for the organization succed in the world of complex environments. It concerns about the process to manage the company internally but do not concentrate more on creating competitiveness regarding environments touch on the organization. In addition, the third reason, this is because strategic management becomes important in AirAsia due to the following reasons. The first reason why strategic management becomes important is because the globalisation. The globalization consideration impacts virtually all-strategic decisions in a company.The globalization also forced AirAsia Company to survival for business. Too see and appreciate the world from the perspective of others has become a matter of survival business. The current issues in AirAsia Company AirAsia Company are more focused in the competition of the cost among an airplane industry. AirAsia as an industry company which is more focusing in the low cost carrier airplane industry need to consider to make the lowest possible cost to compete with the other competitors in their airplane industry. To achieve the lowest possible cost, AirAsia Company has some strategy to achieve it.B. HOW TO IMPLEMENT AND ACHIEVE IT? With there believes to make a low possible fare for to the customer, AirAsia was cbecoming an Airline company that is chosen by so many customers. The best philosophy of AirAsia now everyone can fly means to giving an opportunity to all t he people to flight with the lowest possible fare and making them can flight even the only have the less money. Why AirAsia more stressed to be low cost carrier in airline industry? * AirAsia believes to compete in the airline industry, it must be cost-efficient and profitable, and it must create value.Cost that do not add value must contained, reduced and even eliminated. * Demand for low cost carrier (LCC) industry will keep growing rapidly. * And than the best philosophy of AirAsia now everyone can fly means to giving an opportunity all the people to flight with the lowest possible fare. AirAsia SWOT digest The purpose of this analysis are for identify the internal and external factor that AirAsia need to consider to be low cost carrier in airplane industry. There are 1. Strengths * AirAsia has a very strong management team with strong links with governments and airline industry leaders. The management team is also very good in strategy formulation and execution. * AirAsias bra nd name is well established in Asia Pacific. * AirAsia is the low cost leader in Asia. * The excellent utilization of IT. 2. Weaknesses * AirAsia does not have its own maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility. * AirAsia receives a lot complaint from customers on their service. 3. Opportunities * There are 2 major events that are taking place now or going to take place in less than 6 months from now. * There is also some opportunity to partner with other low cost airlines. The population of Asian middle class will be stretching almost 700 million by 2010. 4. Threats * Certain rates like airport departure, security charges and landing charges are beyond the control of airline operators. * AirAsias profit margin is about 30% and this has already attracted many competitors. * Users perception that budget airlines may compromise safety to keep costs low. In conclusion, the SWOT analysis that AirAsia have is on of the major component to make AirAsia more strength in their business and can make they are able to compete with the same low cost carrier airline industry.The strategy that AirAsia was implementing to make they are being a successful in low cost carrier and can compete with other competitors in this field of business are 1. Maximized IT and implementing E-commerce in AirAsia business. 2. Operation effectiveness and outstanding efficiency 3. Implemented outsourcing in their business purpose The competition among airplane industries is very tough. Each of Airplanes Company in the world trying to conduct some strategies to compete with another competitor in their industry.To compete with their competitor in the business environment, a company needs to make a strategy to achieve their long terms objectives and can be successful for doing their business. The strategic management becomes important due to the following reason such as globalization to survival their business, and than e-commerce become the critical success to the company nowadays. A comp any needs to consider the company ability and how to integrating it with the as well as main factor in the internal and external factor. DO YOU THINK THE CHOSEN ORGANIZATION WILL BE SUCCESSFUL UNDER THE CURRENT LEADER IN THE FUTURE? WHY OR WHY not?Absolutely yes, I believe AirAsia Company would be make some progress in the futurity. Based on the fact we know before, AirAsia Company has a lot achievement and awards until now. AirAsia is one of the leader to Low-Cost Carrier Airlines with its best slogan Now everyone can fly . It such as, new innovation for business world todays. Lets look at AirAsia statements for future plan. Forward-Looking AirAsia statements Such forward looking statements are based on numerous assumptions regarding the Groups present and future business strategies and the environment in which the Group will operate in the future.The AirAsias future overall business development and economic performance * The Groups estimated financial information regarding, and the future development and economic performance of, its business. * The Groups future earnings, cash flow and liquidness * The Groups potential growth opportunities, including its route expansion plans and potential joint ventures the amount and nature of future fleet growth 9including the proposed acquisition of up to 80 new aircraft from Airbus or Boeing consisting of 40 purchase obligastions and 40 purchase options), airport investment and other capital expenditures required by the Group. The Groups financing plans, business strategy, competitive position and effects of competition the airline industry environment, including future prices and demand for air travel and future prices and supply of aircraft, greenness fuel and spare parts * The regulatory environment and effects of the future regulation, including the liberalization of the commercial aviation industry in Southeast Asia and the effects of future regulation. According to the forward-looking statements by AirAsia Co mpany.It shown that AirAsia Company making some future plan for improve its business. We could look at AirAsia Company Strategic Management cart track so well. For additionally, if you havent really heard much about AirAsia yet, never fear according to the CEO Dato Tony Fernandes, the whole world will be flying AirAsia soon. Fernandes really loves his airline and has huge plans for it. The first low cost carrier in Asia, coming out of Kuala Lumpur, AirAsia has been flying for over 10 geezerhood now and is ready to conquer the world.Fernandes dreams of making the AirAsia brand as big as Coca-Cola Company and the airlines reach as significant as European LCC Ryanair. Thus, I think all his plan are possible to realize. And for me, AirAsia Company is good inspiration for who those want to improve or follow its business journey. HARVARD REFERENCING Based on, Amandak. , 2008, AirAsia Boss Has Really Big Plan online, Malaysia, Available from http//www. jaunted. com/story/2008/3/24/201251 /894/travel/AirAsia+Boss+Has+Really+Big+Plans, Accessed 25th attest 2008 Sen Ze & Jayne Ng 2008, Air Asia The Story, 2nd edition,

Associates vs Bachelor Degree in Nursing Essay

Bachelor degree care for programs are mettlesomely regarded for the skilled, clinical thinking, and professionalism of nurses they provide for the community. Obtaining a baccalaureate in care for provides the same skills and friendship encompassed in most associates programs, while allowing a broadened look into research, public health, management, and humanities (AACN IENP, 2012). some(prenominal) facilities are now providing incentives for nursing staff to track their education from tuition reimbursement, an increase in pay, and played time off for the sole purpose of education.Research has proven that with a more educated nursing populous there is a decrease in morality rates and medication errors, and it also provides more positive outcomes (AACN Fact Sheet, 2012). With such a high demand for nurses, the scope of nursing has become more comprehensive with a larger responsibility being placed on nurses. All of this has shown not save to the medical field that also policyma kers and other leaders of the community that a higher(prenominal) level of education not only makes a difference, exclusively many feel it should be a requirement.The difference between a baccalaureate and associates degree program may seem obscure at first, precisely looking into the information and research that students learn in a four year program verses a three year program can be shocking. When looking into the core requisites needed to graduate with a bachelors verses an associates, some obvious differences are the higher levels of English, math, communication, and pathophysiology unavoidable to graduate with a BSN.Also, the higher level melt work required to complete a bachelors shows the necessity of critical thinking and research a nurse needs to even graduate. Once past the prerequisites required for a bachelors in nursing we commence to exam the nursing course work itself. As stated before, most of the associates program is interconnected in a bachelors degree with an associates the clinical experience is more limited to the clinical setting hospitals, nursing skilled facilities, and rehab centers, where as many bachelors programs also include public and community projects.Bachelors programs also couch a broader focus on ethics, religion and spirituality, research, global awareness and public health, as well as nursing leadership and management (GCU, n. d. ). Nursing care is focused on the assessment, nursing diagnoses, planning, implementation, and evaluation of perseverings. This nursing process can also be implemented in aspects outside of nursing and on the nursing field as a collective group. The nursing role is evolving, following the process the outcomes have to be evaluated and put into perspective.Research is being completed the conclusions are all the same, the higher education of nursing care the better the forbearing outcomes. In an article published in Health Services Research in August 2008 that examined the effect of nursing practice environments on outcomes of hospitalized cancer perseverings undergoing surgery, Dr. Christopher Friese and colleagues found that nursing education level was significantly associated with patient outcomes. Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate-level were linked with lower mortality and failure-to-rescue rates.The authors conclude that moving to a nurse workforce in which a higher property of staff nurses have at least a baccalaureate-level education would result in substantially fewer adverse outcomes for patients. (AACN Fact Sheet, 2012) A Jewish patient is awaiting discharge after receiving an open heart procedure. The difference a bachelors educated nurse and an associate degree nurse may have on the patient can be profound in this scenario.A bachelors nurse will have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this patients condition, instead of providing instruction on just the patient after care of the procedure the higher level education will allow the nurs e to moderate teaching of the patients condition that brought along the cause of the procedure, the nurse will be provide a broader education base to help the patient better understand the treatment and the conditions that they may face.The bachelors nurse will be able to better identify environmental factors, diet and exercise factors, and other stresses that could be changed to promote health wellness for the patient. The bachelors nurse will be more aware of community based health assistance and programs that will help the patient make more positive health changes. The bachelors nurse will be more aware of the patients religious requirements and needs, this may help the patient in making better overall health and wellness decisions.Also, BSN nurses have a more in-depth education in regards to ethics and religion, this may provide a more trusting bond between the nurse and patients allowing the patient to see that the nurse is there for providing care not only in his treatment bu t all aspects of the patients wellbeing. The history of nursing provides a great foundation and view on how nursing came into existence and how nursing has always strived for higher education. Before World War II great strides were made for university nursing programs, with the onset of war and the need for nurses, diploma and associates nursing found its place (Creasia and Friberg, 2011).Many feel that the nursing shortage is the reason that diploma and associates nurses programs still exist. Though, with the growing population that has increasing comorbidities it is more important than ever for nurses to have higher education. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2012. Fact Sheet Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/NursingWorkforce. pdf American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 2012. The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice.Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fa ct-sheets/impact-of-education Creasia and Friberg. (2011). abstract foundations The bridge to professional nursing practice. (5th ed. ) St. Louis, Missourit Mosby Inc. Retrieved from http//pageburstls. elsevier. com//books/978-0-323-06869-7/pages/47247567 Grand Canyon University. (n. d. ). Registered Nurse to Bachelor of Science in Nursing (RN to BSN). Retrieved from http//www. gcu. edu/degree-programs/registered-nurse-to-bachelor-of-science-in-nursing.